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E P E C Osteopathic EPEC Education for Osteopathic Physicians on End-of-Life Care Based on The EPEC Project, created by the American Medical Association and supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Adapted by the American Osteopathic Association for educational use. American Osteopathic Association American Osteopathic Association AOA:Treating Treating Our Family and Yours AOA: Our Family and Yours E P E C Module 13: Osteopathic Manipulative Technique in End-of-Life Care American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C OMT Applications at End of Life • • • • Generalized pain and disability cancer, metastasis heart disease,stroke, COPD, neuropathy neurodegenerative conditions/failure to thrive: e.g., Alzheimer or Vascular Dementia and Parkinson Disease – impair mobility – cause musculoskeletal dysfunction American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Goal of OMT: Normalization • The body is: – Being assaulted by disease – Suffering medication side effects – Going through a closing down process • The mind • The spirit American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Psychosocial and Spiritual Issues Near the End of Life Talking with a non-family member may assist in eliminating past emotional baggage and barriers – Depression • Anything that can be addressed? – Family Issues • Relationship resolution – Personal Issues • Context and meaning of one’s life • Personal faith – Hope • The patient • The family American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Compassionate Touch = OMT Addresses emotions American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours biomechanically alters physiology E P E C Compassionate Touch = OMT • Compassionate touch has its own healing quality • People’s emotional barriers often soften when compassionate touch is involved • OMT is designed to biomechanically alter physiology American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C MIND / BODY/ SPIRIT • Set goals: curative versus palliative • Body – assaulted by disease – suffering from medical side effects – going through closing down process i.e., end-of-life phase ? American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Body/mind/spirit approach Principles • Select your goal – Extension of life – Quality of life (Palliation) • Diagnosis: – Cause as little pain as possible • Treatment: – First, do no harm – Treat one problem – Allow the body to adjust American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C OMT Treat one body part Allow body to adjust Re-assess Re-treat American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Treatment Type Decisions • Global disease • Local disease – Area of greatest restriction (AGR) – Best method when problem is complex, e.g., chronic LBP – Best demonstrates OMM – Best for hardest cases – Treat the local somatic dysfunction – Commonly works! American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Two Approaches • Global diagnosis – Sequencing area of treatment by area of greatest restriction (AGR) – Best method when the problem is complex • E.g., chronic low back pain – Best demonstrates osteopathic theory and philosophy – Best for hardest cases • Local diagnosis – Easier method when you know the problem is local • E.g., sprained ankle – Most commonly used – Does not completely demonstrate osteopathic theory and philosophy – Often works American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours Two Approaches E P E C •Which to choose? Dependent on: •Time •What the real problem is •Your level of mastery •Where the patient is in the end of life process •Why you need both of these skills •Global probably has the highest success rate •Local approach can be done in less time to address specific problems American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Global Approach • Examine the body for the area of greatest restriction (AGR) • Treat the AGR • Reexamine other areas of restriction to see if they have changed (or start the whole process over) • Treat successive areas of greatest restriction (AGRs) American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Q: Why go global? A: Chasing pain often leads to failure Consider the case of two people carrying a heavy load; one drops most of his load. Which one complains the most? THINK: The painful SI joint is frequently on the side opposite the pain. (Analogy for the classic presentation of sacroiliac joint dysfunction. That is, the side exhibiting most pain is often the side opposite the dysfunction!) American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Global Diagnostic Principle • The AGR may be and frequently is in a different body region than the site of the chief complaint. • In those cases, the area of pain is where the body is compensating, not where the problem is originating. American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C The body is a unit… . . . with forces distributed through a tensegrity system American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Global Treatment Principle • Sequence is vital… • You have the right numbers… • But having the right numbers won’t always open the lock! American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Distant dysfunction mechanisms manifesting as low back pain • Cranium – Dural attachments • Neck – Fascia and muscle attachments, innervation of superficial low back muscles • Thoracic and ribs – Fascia and muscle attachments, abdominal muscles, diaphragm • Upper extremity – Scapular and latissimus dorsi attachments • Lumbars – Local problem • Pelvis and sacrum – Local problem • Lower extremity – Fascial and muscle attachments to ilia and sacrum American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Examination for AGR • Based on the third principle of physiologic spinal motion – When motion is induced in one plane, movement in the other two planes is decreased. • We will induce motion in one plane – This will restrict motion into the other two planes • Then we will induce motion into the other two plane • If you induce motion into a second plane, it also restricts motion in the other two planes – This will achieve what is called a physiologic lock. – A normal joint will still have joint play, a small ability to move. – A restricted joint will not have the ability to spring. American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Problem-based Local Approach Based on the knowledge that certain problems have local solutions • You can always go back to the global approach • Weakness: forming the habit of relying only on the local approach – The local approach is more reductionist, and therefore doesn’t always treat the cause of the problem American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Local approach • Focused exam on a problem region and it’s autonomic connections Analyze: • – – – • is there a biomechanical problem? is there a problem with fluid flow? are there autonomic imbalances that you can treat to improve the patient’s condition? Choose: – – – – a model of diagnosis and treatment to treat, depending on the condition of the patient Counterstrain - Still MFR - Muscle Energy HVLA American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Model of Dx and Tx • Depends upon the patient! • Options for frail and/or elderly: – – – – Counterstrain Myofascial release technique (MFR) Craniosacral technique (Still) Muscle energy technique • requires patient effort – High velocity low intensity - HVLA • VERY cautiously, rarely best American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Common problems at the End of Life • Pain • Dyspnea, secretions • Disorders of the CNS • Gastrointestinal symptoms • Fluid retention • Disorders of skin and mucous membranes American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Dyspnea • Thoracic-sympathetic connection: improve cardio-vascular and respiratory systems – Upper thoracics normalization: indirect MFR • Musculoskeletal system – – – – Coughing, loss of muscle mass Rib dysfunction Mechanical structures Diaphragm American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Dyspnea Treatment • Cervical treatment – OA decompression – C 3/4/5: Phrenic nerve – OA, AA: Vagus • Rib dysfunction • Diaphragm – Doming it – Indirect treatment • Thoracic sympathetic connection American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Dyspnea • Autonomics • Cervical Treatment: OA decompression – C 3/4/5 – phrenic nerve – OA, AA – vagus nerve – Ligamentum nuchae – MFR – Suboccipital release: slight compression/traction; let gravity do the work – CV- VI: “reset” button for autonomics American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Ligamentum Nuchae Regional Technique A useful technique for balancing more than two segments, or to address the general connective tissue for the posterior neck. 1. Sit at the head of your supine patient. 2. Cradle the patient’s occiput in the palm of one hand. 3. Use your other hand to grasp the posterior neck. Your thenar/hypothenar eminences are on one side, your fingerpads at the contralateral articular pillars. 4. Use motion testing to determine and place the patient in the position of ease, as determined by decreased tissue tension, for the connective tissue: F/E, S, and R American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Ligamentum Nuchae Regional Technique 1. You may use the following activating forces: Respiratory cooperation Release enhancing maneuvers Slight compression, traction, or torque 2. Follow the changing tissue tension in the direction of its relaxation, taking the tissue toward the decreased tension. 3. When the tissue stops relaxing, slowly return the patient to neutral 4. Retest for resolution of TART criteria for somatic dysfunction. American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Ligamentum Nuchae American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Suboccipital Release • Sit at the head of your supine patient • Place your finger pads against the inferior occiput so that your fingertips are approximately at the atlas. • Your palms are underneath the occiput, but it is initially suspended above them. • Allow the weight of the patient’s head to create the release • Enhance the release with use of traction, compression, or by initiating micro-motion and following the progressive tissue relaxation as it occurs • The occiput gently settles into your palms as the release occurs. • Retest the area for TART resolution. American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C C3-7 Segmental Technique • Sit at the head of your supine patient. • Diagnose the key dysfunction (e.g., C4 ESRRR). • Contact the articular pillars of the dysfunctional segment with the pads of your long fingers. • Induce F/E, then S, then R to match the direction in which the vertebra is already drawn by the tissue (go indirect). Use translation to achieve sidebending. • To enhance the release, you may use activating forces. • Continue until the desired tissue response is obtained, then slowly return to neutral • Retest for TART resolution. American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C C3-7 Segmental Technique American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Segmental Release American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Gastrointestinal problems • N/V, diarrhea, ileus cause autonomic effects; attempt to “damp down” • General Treatment – upper thoracics – vagus nerve (OA, AA) – T 5-9 • Diarrhea and constipation – Thoracic and lumbar – sympathetics – Sacral – autonomics – Abdominal treatment • Nausea caused by CMTRZ will require meds American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Gastrointestinal Problems Treatments • • • • • Occipitomastoid decompression Vagus Nerve OA, AA Thoracic and Lumbar sympathetic connections Sacral autonomic connections Abdominal treatment – Inhibition – Facilitation American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C General Autonomic Reset • CV IV • Lumbosacral decompression American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Extremities • Evaluation of limitation of motion – – – – – Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Rotation • Shoulders: bursitis, adhesive capsulitis, or disuse syndromes. American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Edema fluid • Lymphatic Pump – Can be done easily at the bedside • Mobilization of the patient – To the extent possible – May actually help reduce overall pain American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C Additional Principles • Give patients hope – But not false promises • Help them to have a sense of at least some control over their pain • If you’re using the global osteopathic approach: – Explain to patients why you may not treat the area of greatest complaint – Do at least something with the area of greatest complaint • A number of patients do not wish to take more medicine, but they do want to feel better – Some have difficulty tolerating medication – You may have to talk them into more medication American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C The Last Days: The Actively Dying Patient • Pain is addressed by medication • Some pain is poorly addressed by medication – Rib pain with inspiration • General autonomic treatment American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours E P E C American Osteopathic Association AOA: Treating Our Family and Yours