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Blood
SBI 3U
Ms. Raper
Function of Blood
•
•
•
•
Transport oxygen - oxyhemoglobin
Transport nutrients: - glucose, amino acids,
Transport wastes – CO2 , urea, water
Transport hormones – adrenalin, sex hormones
etc.
• Transport heat –
• Clotting during injury
• Provide immune response: - white blood cells
Plasma
Cells
Whole Blood consists of…
• 55 -60% Plasma – a straw
coloured liquid that contains
- nutrients
- antibodies
- clotting factors
- hormones
• 40 - 45% Blood Cells
- RBC (Erythrocytes)
- WBC (Leucocytes)
http://www.kidneywise.com/images/en_p_i027.gif
- Platelets (Thrombocytes)
http://www.cardioliving.com/consumer/Circulatory/Images/Cells.JPG
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hematopoiesis2.gif
http://www.webshots.com/g/55/294-sh/23689.html
http://www.24dr.com/reference/pictures/5.jpg
Red Blood cells …
• Made in the Bone Marrow and
• Destroyed in the Spleen.
• Live for about 120 days
• Are flexible to squeeze
through blood capillaries.
• Contain Hemoglobin
• Are Bi-concave discs
• Have no nucleus
http://www.redcross.org/news/bm/blooddonation/images/kidlearn1.jpg
http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/_frm/frm_made.htm
Red Blood cells are BICONCAVE discs.
How do Red blood Cells carry
Oxygen?
• Hemoglobin + Oxygen = Oxyhemoglobin
dark purple/red
bright red
Oxyhemoglobin is unstable and readily
dissociates back into hemoglobin and free
oxygen.
Red blood cell diseases
• Anaemia – too few red blood cells maybe
because of low Iron.
Normal
Low Iron
• Sickle Cell disease – RBC are not round but sickle
shaped, (genetic mutation for assisting in Malaria
prevention) results in blood cells being destroyed
prematurely.
Malaria Parasite –
Plasmodium inside a RBC
http://www.sicklecellfoundationofalberta.org/sic3.jpg
http://www-cxro.lbl.gov/microscopy/ALS_Abstracts_97/IMG00012.GIF
Your normal RED BLOOD CELL COUNT or Hb is
between 12 and 14,
(some hospitals measure this as 120 to 140,
both are correct, just different units used).
Liver or Kidney disease causes
RBC to be damaged or destroyed
White Blood Cells….
• are made in the bone
marrow
• are responsible for
“fighting” disease.
• are various types
• contain a nucleus
Together they make up the total white blood count - normally 4 to 10.
(Which is actually 4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per cubic millimetre of blood!!!)
http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/_frm/frm_made.htm
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
http://hsc.unm.edu/som/biomedcom/Photography/PIX/blood%20cells-b-7x10jpg.JPG
Normal blood smear (right), compared to Infection (left)
http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/_frm/frm_blood.htm
Infectious Mononucleosis
(“Mono”) shows Atypical
Lymphocytes.
http://www.iranblood.org/slide/slid1.16.jpg
http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/pix/atyplymph_nw.jpg
http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/mono.gif
Your normal PLATELET COUNT is between 150 and 400
(Which is actually 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimetre of
blood!!!)
Platelets… are made in the
bone marrow
• Concerned with blood
clotting.
•Contain an enzyme that is
released when the platelets
are damaged. This enzyme
triggers clotting
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/circulation.html
• Circulate in the blood for
about 10 days then die.
Platelets form
part of the
network of a clot.
http://chapters.redcross.org/tn/nashvilleblood/Platelets.jpg
Blood Groups
“In 1901 Karl Landsteiner demonstrated
the existence of blood group antigens on
human red blood cells as well as
antibodies directed against those antigens
in human sera.”
(http://ntri.tamuk.edu/immunology/blood.html)
Vienna, Nov 20th, 1890
“In the last few days several patients with more or less
serious wounds were taken to hospital. One patients
had suffered an open fracture during an accident,
another one had internal injuries and a third one had
suffered a knife wound during a quarrel. Even though
these patients had completely different injuries, all of
them had suffered great losses of blood so that they
needed a blood transfusion. Some patients recovered
from their injuries quickly whereas the condition of
other patients turned from bad to worse and some of
them even died within a short time. When they were
examined to find out the reason for their sudden death
it was found that their red blood cells had clumped
together i. e. formed sort of blood clots in the blood
vessels.”
Blood
Serum
Landsteiner's experimentRed blood cells
clumping
Störk
Pletschni
Sturli
g
Erdheim
Störk
Pletschni
g
Sturli
Erdheim
Zaritsch
Landstei
ner
http://www.ginkgo-web.de/bilingual/blgroups.html
Zaritsch
no clumping
Landstei
ner
Genotype
Blood group
phenotype
Antigens on
erythrocytes
Serum
antibodies
AA or AO
A
A
Anti-B
BB or BO
B
B
Anti-A
AB
AB
A and B
None
OO
O
None
Anti-A and Anti-B
http://ntri.tamuk.edu/immunology/blood.html
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/bloodtype.jpg
Fig 2. ABO Tile Grouping
anti-A
anti-B
group A
group B
group AB
group O
http://www.umds.ac.uk/tissue/bludgrp2.html#Abbs
anti-A+B
The various ABO blood groups occur in the average
population of the US in the proportions shown here. 45%
of the population are type O, 42% type A, 10% type B
and 3% type AB.
These percentages vary within different ethnic groups. In
addition there is another type antigen to be considered.
The Rh antigen.
http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/banking/groups.htm
http://www.transweb.org/journey/recip_journey/kidney/kidney_blue/kb_14.htm
Remember!
Every cell has
surface proteins
that helps the
body identify it
www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/images/ ency/fullsize/9125.jpg
Rh Factor
• Another key substance in the blood is the
Rh or Rhesus factor (named after the
monkeys in which it was located)
• People either have the factor and are then
Rh + (positive)
• or you don’t have the factor - Rh (negative)
• Rh is a dominant trait.
Rh + Phenotype
Rhesus +
Rh + Genotype either RR or Rr
Rh - Phenotype & Genotype - rr
According to the blood grouping
systems, you can belong to either of
following 8 blood groups:
A Rh+
B Rh+
AB Rh+
0 Rh+
A Rh-
B Rh-
AB Rh-
0 Rh-
This means that there are 8 possible
ABO Blood groups.
Rh. Problems in Pregnancy. Rh + Man and Rh - Woman
Because Rh is a dominant allele there is a 50:50 chance the man
will have the Genotype Rr or RR If he is RR then his children will
inherit the dominant allele and be Rh + this will cause the woman to
develop antibodies to her unborn babies blood and try to destroy it.
A red blood cell (RBC) with three different antigens
on the surface of its membrane.
The antigens are glycoproteins with unique
molecular shapes.
Agglutination
http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/images/ABObloodsystem.gif
Distribution of the B type blood allele in native populations of the world
Distribution of the A type blood allele in native populations of the world
Distribution of the O type blood in native populations of the world
http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htm
Also….
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/bio100.htm