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Blood Blood Red blood cells erythrocytes White blood cells leukocytes Platelets thrombocytes Artery Function Blood Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones Blood Buffy coat-<1% Plasma-55% Formed elements-45% Blood Plasma Components-55% 90% Water 8% Solutes: Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens Gas Electrolytes Blood Plasma Components Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins Hormones Metabolic waste CO2 Urea Formed Elements of the Blood-45% Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes) Erythrocytes Erythrocyte 7.5 m in dia Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow Hematopoiesis- production of RBC Function- transport respiratory gases Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains Lack mitochondria. Why? 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules Men- 5 million cells/mm3 Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3 Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard) Hemoglobin Stem cell Hemocytoblast Committed cell Proerythroblast Developmental pathway Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Early erythroblast Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Late erythroblast Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Normoblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte Figure 17.5 RBC Diseases Sickle-cell anemiaHbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the b chain in the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes when O2 content of blood is low, causing RBCs to become sickle-shaped. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial. Types of Leukocytes 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Never let monkeys eat bananas Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes- 20-45% Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte platelet Neutrophil Monocyte eosinophil neutrophil monocyte RBC neutrophil monocyte lymphocyte basophil lymphocyte ID WBC’s Diapedesis Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall WBC Diseases Leukopenia Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced Leukemias Cancerous conditions involving WBCs Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved Mononucleosis highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and plateletderived growth factor (PDGF) Stem cell Hemocytoblast Developmental pathway Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets Figure 17.12 Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3 Tissue Damage Platelet Plug Clotting Factors Hemostasis: Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation 4. Coagulation Hemostasis (+ feedback) Clotting Factors thromboplastin Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin Blood Clot RBC Platelet Fibrin thread Disorders of Hemostasis Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation Thromboembolytic Conditions Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel May block circulation, leading to tissue death Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen Cerebral emboli can cause strokes Blood Types Type A Type B Type AB Type O Blood Typing Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A&B AB no anti body Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination) ABO Blood Types b b b b b Produces anti-B antibodies b b b Type A ABO Blood Types a a a a a a Type B a a Produces anti-A antibodies a a ABO Blood Types Produces neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies ABO Blood Types b a b a b a a ba a b a b a Produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies Type O b aba Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH+ indicates protein RH- indicates no protein Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive Blood Type Clumping Antibody A antigen Aanti-A serum antibody anti-b B antigen B anti-B serum antibody anti-a AB antigen A & B anti A & B serum O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b Serum Blood being tested Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) RBCs Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum) Figure 17.16 Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency O O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4% Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6% A A B B Rh Positive 1 person in 3 35.7% Rh Negative 1 person in 16 6.3% Rh Positive 1 person in 12 8.5% Rh Negative 1 person in 67 1.5% AB Rh Positive 1 person in 29 3.4% AB Rh Negative 1 person in 167 .6% ABO Blood Types Phenotype Genotype O i i A I A I A or I A i B I B I B or I B i AB I A I B Punnett square Type A and Type B cross I I B IAIB IAIB I A A IAi IAi