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Fac. Vet. Med.
Cairo University
Welcome
Paratuberculosis
in Egypt and Arab Area
(Infection &Economics)
Diea Abo El-Hassan
Head of Medicine & Infectious Diseases
Fac. Vet. Med. – Cairo University
Paratuberculosis
•
A chronic Incurable wasting
bacterial infection of
Ruminants caused by MAP.
•
Affecting primarily the
intestinal tract.
• Long incubation period: 2-5 Ys
• Discovered in 1895 by Johne
Mode of
Transmission
The organism is shed
in:
• manure, semen, urine
• milk & colostrum
occurs in calf at an
early age, but the
clinical disease
occur usually after
two years of age
transmission is
Fecal –oral
utero transmission
Infection rate of cattle with MAP
in Europe
7 - 55%
In USA
In Bovine
40 %
in exam.
bovine herds
in Czech
25 % among
Cattle herds
Salem et al. ( 2005)
Disease
Picture
• 95% of infected
cattle show NO Signs
• 5% show chronic
intermittent diarrhea
•Clinical signs in
animals > 2 years old
Herd signs:
One animal with
chronic diarrhea then
another several
months later.
• malabsorbtion
•Anemia
•Weight loss
•Infertility
• Dicrease in the
quality &
quantity of milk
yield
Naser, et al. (2000 )
described Crohn's
disease (CD) in human as
a chronic inflammatory
and ulcerative bowel
disease affect Ages 15 35 and similar to Johne's
disease in ruminants
Losses depend on the infection rate within the
herd:
• $50.00/cow if one or more positive cows in the
herd
• $2oo.00 /cow if 10% of culled cattle had clinical
signs of disease
• Cost producers about one billion $ annually
Percent of Cows Testing
Positive by Lactation
Milk Production:
Paratuberculosis Infected and Non-infected
Herds
Average Decline
Governorate 1
Governorate 2
Governorate 3
Governorate4
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Kg. of Milk per Year
Johne's Neg
Johne's Pos
8,000
10,000
Diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis
Direct stain of faecal
and tissue samples
Faecal and
tissue culturing
followed by
molecular
confirmation
(PCR).
Hematological
and biochemical
examinations
Cytokines
Detection
50
45
40
HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF NORMAL,
45
SUBCLINICAL CONTACT AND CLINICALLY
48
DISEASED CATTLE
38
35
33.8
30.07
Grads
30
29.3
28
27
24.6
25
20
18.1
18 17.5
17
16
15
12.5
12.1
10.6
10
8
7.25
6.7
5
6.21
0
RBCs
Count
(106/μl)
HB
(g/dl)
PCV
(%)
MCV
(fl)
MCH
(pg)
MCHC
(g/dl)
Parameters
Normal
Subclinical
Diseased
WBCs
Count
(103/μl)
WBCs DIFFERENTIAL COUNT OF NORMAL,
SUBCLINICAL CONTACT AND CLINICALLY
DISEASED CATTLE
60
50
51
50.3
45.7
42.1
Grade
40
38
36
30
20
15
15.6
10
4
3
2.8 2.6
0.8
0
Lymphocytes
(%)
Neutrophiles
(%)
Normal
Monocytes
(%)
Subclinical
Esenophiles
(%)
Diseased
0.6
0.8
Basophiles
(%)
Fig. No. (23): BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF NORMAL, POSITIVE CONTACT AND CLINICALLY DISEASED CATTLE
100
95
92.1
90
80
70
72.1
70.3
69.2
70
65
60
50
52.6
50
42.2
40.2
Mean Values
40
30
20
18
15.8
10
21.3
19.7
5.1 5.3 5.5
0
0.22 0.18
0.18
2.8 2 1.3
Parameters
Normal
Positive Contactl
Clinically Diseased
6.2 4.8
2.9
SERUM PROTEINS IN NORMAL, EARLY INFECTED,
SUBCLINICAL AND LATE SUBCLINICAL CATTLE
8
8
7.6 7.3 7.5
7
6
5
Mean Values
5
4.2
4.1
3.9
4
3.4
3.4 3.4
3
3
2
1.2
1
1.1
0.8
0.6
0
Total proteins
(g/dl)
Albumin (g/dl)
Globulin (g/dl)
Al / Glo ratio
Parameters
Normal
Early infected
Subclinical
Late subclinical
MINERALS IN SERA OF NORMAL, POSITIVE CONTACT
AND CLINICALLY DISEASED CATTLE
180
163159
160
140
122
Mean Values
120
100
80
60
40
22.5
20
18.1
12.3
0.94
0
Fe
(mmol/L)
0.32
0.55
Cu
(µmol/L)
2.1 1.8 1.1
Ca (
mmol/L)
1.8
4 3.8 2.9
1.4 0.8
Iph
(mmol/L)
Na
(mmol/L)
Parameters
Normal
Positive Contactl
Clinically Diseased
K
(mmol/L)
INF-γ IN NORMAL AND DISEASED CATTLE
1600
1422.14
1400
1200
Pg/ml
1000
800
582.79
600
583
535.2
400
200
47.79
0
CATTLE STATE
TNF-α, IL-10 and IgG IN NORMAL AND DISEASED CATTLE
120
99.92
100
ng/ml
80
60
40
29
20
16.5
8.34
7.38
0.448
0.395
15.38
7.4 6.69
8.43
0.504
0
0.99
7.69
CATTLE STATE
TNF-α ng/ml
IL-10 ng/ml
7.47
IgG ng/ml
Control of MAP Problem
Requir
Accurate
sensitive
diagnostic
kits
Efficient
safe
vaccines
Biosecurity &
Efficient
supportive
treatment
Vaccintion is not useful in an animal
already infected with the disease.
Vaccination of calves about(1 month) of
age reduce disease incidence but does
not prevent shedding or new cases of
infection in the herd
Seed strains of the vaccine should be of
a prevalent type.
Vaccinated animals become reactive to
TB testing
Effective vaccine need more research at
this time.
Prof. Dr. Diea Abo Elhassan