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Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo University Welcome Paratuberculosis in Egypt and Arab Area (Infection &Economics) Diea Abo El-Hassan Head of Medicine & Infectious Diseases Fac. Vet. Med. – Cairo University Paratuberculosis • A chronic Incurable wasting bacterial infection of Ruminants caused by MAP. • Affecting primarily the intestinal tract. • Long incubation period: 2-5 Ys • Discovered in 1895 by Johne Mode of Transmission The organism is shed in: • manure, semen, urine • milk & colostrum occurs in calf at an early age, but the clinical disease occur usually after two years of age transmission is Fecal –oral utero transmission Infection rate of cattle with MAP in Europe 7 - 55% In USA In Bovine 40 % in exam. bovine herds in Czech 25 % among Cattle herds Salem et al. ( 2005) Disease Picture • 95% of infected cattle show NO Signs • 5% show chronic intermittent diarrhea •Clinical signs in animals > 2 years old Herd signs: One animal with chronic diarrhea then another several months later. • malabsorbtion •Anemia •Weight loss •Infertility • Dicrease in the quality & quantity of milk yield Naser, et al. (2000 ) described Crohn's disease (CD) in human as a chronic inflammatory and ulcerative bowel disease affect Ages 15 35 and similar to Johne's disease in ruminants Losses depend on the infection rate within the herd: • $50.00/cow if one or more positive cows in the herd • $2oo.00 /cow if 10% of culled cattle had clinical signs of disease • Cost producers about one billion $ annually Percent of Cows Testing Positive by Lactation Milk Production: Paratuberculosis Infected and Non-infected Herds Average Decline Governorate 1 Governorate 2 Governorate 3 Governorate4 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 Kg. of Milk per Year Johne's Neg Johne's Pos 8,000 10,000 Diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis Direct stain of faecal and tissue samples Faecal and tissue culturing followed by molecular confirmation (PCR). Hematological and biochemical examinations Cytokines Detection 50 45 40 HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF NORMAL, 45 SUBCLINICAL CONTACT AND CLINICALLY 48 DISEASED CATTLE 38 35 33.8 30.07 Grads 30 29.3 28 27 24.6 25 20 18.1 18 17.5 17 16 15 12.5 12.1 10.6 10 8 7.25 6.7 5 6.21 0 RBCs Count (106/μl) HB (g/dl) PCV (%) MCV (fl) MCH (pg) MCHC (g/dl) Parameters Normal Subclinical Diseased WBCs Count (103/μl) WBCs DIFFERENTIAL COUNT OF NORMAL, SUBCLINICAL CONTACT AND CLINICALLY DISEASED CATTLE 60 50 51 50.3 45.7 42.1 Grade 40 38 36 30 20 15 15.6 10 4 3 2.8 2.6 0.8 0 Lymphocytes (%) Neutrophiles (%) Normal Monocytes (%) Subclinical Esenophiles (%) Diseased 0.6 0.8 Basophiles (%) Fig. No. (23): BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF NORMAL, POSITIVE CONTACT AND CLINICALLY DISEASED CATTLE 100 95 92.1 90 80 70 72.1 70.3 69.2 70 65 60 50 52.6 50 42.2 40.2 Mean Values 40 30 20 18 15.8 10 21.3 19.7 5.1 5.3 5.5 0 0.22 0.18 0.18 2.8 2 1.3 Parameters Normal Positive Contactl Clinically Diseased 6.2 4.8 2.9 SERUM PROTEINS IN NORMAL, EARLY INFECTED, SUBCLINICAL AND LATE SUBCLINICAL CATTLE 8 8 7.6 7.3 7.5 7 6 5 Mean Values 5 4.2 4.1 3.9 4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3 3 2 1.2 1 1.1 0.8 0.6 0 Total proteins (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Globulin (g/dl) Al / Glo ratio Parameters Normal Early infected Subclinical Late subclinical MINERALS IN SERA OF NORMAL, POSITIVE CONTACT AND CLINICALLY DISEASED CATTLE 180 163159 160 140 122 Mean Values 120 100 80 60 40 22.5 20 18.1 12.3 0.94 0 Fe (mmol/L) 0.32 0.55 Cu (µmol/L) 2.1 1.8 1.1 Ca ( mmol/L) 1.8 4 3.8 2.9 1.4 0.8 Iph (mmol/L) Na (mmol/L) Parameters Normal Positive Contactl Clinically Diseased K (mmol/L) INF-γ IN NORMAL AND DISEASED CATTLE 1600 1422.14 1400 1200 Pg/ml 1000 800 582.79 600 583 535.2 400 200 47.79 0 CATTLE STATE TNF-α, IL-10 and IgG IN NORMAL AND DISEASED CATTLE 120 99.92 100 ng/ml 80 60 40 29 20 16.5 8.34 7.38 0.448 0.395 15.38 7.4 6.69 8.43 0.504 0 0.99 7.69 CATTLE STATE TNF-α ng/ml IL-10 ng/ml 7.47 IgG ng/ml Control of MAP Problem Requir Accurate sensitive diagnostic kits Efficient safe vaccines Biosecurity & Efficient supportive treatment Vaccintion is not useful in an animal already infected with the disease. Vaccination of calves about(1 month) of age reduce disease incidence but does not prevent shedding or new cases of infection in the herd Seed strains of the vaccine should be of a prevalent type. Vaccinated animals become reactive to TB testing Effective vaccine need more research at this time. Prof. Dr. Diea Abo Elhassan