Download HG017-5.4_3. Chapter 2 Lecture

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1
Types of Infection
• Nosocomial infection
• Local infection
• Systemic infection
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3
Infection Control
•
A communicable
disease is capable
of spreading from
person to person.
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Means of Transmission
of Infection
• Contact (direct and indirect)
• Droplet
• Vehicle
• Airborne
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Employers are held responsible for
worker safety
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•
•
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OSHA: Federal agency:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
If workers are exposed to blood or bodily fluid capable of
transmitting blood-borne pathogens, then these workers
must be provided protection
Phlebotomists are exposed to blood and bodily fluids
Blood-borne pathogens refers to organisms (virus or
bacteria) that can be spread through blood or body fluids
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Blood-borne Pathogens (BBP)
• The two most predominant BBP are:
1. HIV (the virus that causes AIDS)
2. Hepatitis B (virus)
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HIV Transmission
HIV cannot be transmitted by:
• Casual person to person contact at
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•
•
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home or work or in social or public
places
Food, air, water
Insect/mosquito bites
Coughing, sneezing, spitting
Shaking hands, touching, dry kissing or
hugging
Swimming pools, toilets, etc.
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Hepatitis
• The term “hepatitis” means
•
inflammation of the liver.
Causes of hepatitis include:
• Toxic chemicals
• Alcohol
• Viruses
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•
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), formerly called serum
hepatitis, is much more prevalent than HIV ( the
virus that causes AIDS).
•
Spread in numerous ways including sexual
contact, blood products, and contaminated
needles.
•
Readily preventable by vaccination.
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Transmission of Hepatitis B
•
Through infected blood and other body fluids
(seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, breast milk,
tears, saliva and open sores).
•
In the U.S., Hepatitis B is spread
predominantly through sexual contact.
•
Other risk groups include health care workers,
prison inmates/personnel, IV drug users, and
recipients of blood transfusions prior to 1975.
•
In families, it appears that the virus can be
casually spread from adults to children.
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•
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Hepatitis B
The incubation period is 50 to 180 days.
Jaundice is typically seen with type B.
According to statistics, most people fully
recover from Hep B in 1 to 2 months.
It should be noted, however that 1-2%
of individuals with Hepatitis B die shortly
after infection due to liver failure.
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• AS A HEALTHCARE
PROVIDER….
YOU ARE AT GREATEST
RISK FOR CONTRACTING
HEPATITIS B!!
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Hepatitis B Vaccination
• As part of your admission to
•
•
Calhoun’s Health Education Division,
you are required to either receive the
vaccine or sign a waiver.
The vaccine involves a series of three
injections.
Side effects are minimal and may
include soreness and warmth at the
injection site.
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• Although there is no guarantee of
•
immunity, it is very important that you
consider receiving the vaccine.
The CDC has made it mandatory for
employers to provide vaccinations to
healthcare employees because the risk
is so much greater for us.
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15
Healthcare workers always use:
Standard Precautions
• Treat all patients as if they are
•
possibly infectious for blood and body
fluid pathogens.
Previously known as Universal
Precautions. (In this class, they are
exactly the same)
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Five Points of Standard
Precautions
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Wash hands.
Wear gloves.
Wear protective covering.
Wear mask and eye protection
when appropriate.
Use designated sharps containers.
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17
Types of Body Fluids
Capable of Transmitting BBP
• Amniotic
• Peritoneal
• Pericardial
• Synovial
• Pleural
• Edematous
• Seminal
• Cerebrospinal
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18
OSHA Requires:
Tactics to Reduce Risk
of Exposure
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1. Engineering Controls
• Physical and mechanical devices to
reduce or eliminate the potential for
the transfer of infectious diseases
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Examples of Engineering Controls
• Sharps
•
•
containers
Transport bags
and containers
Self-sheathing
needles and
holders
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2. Work Practice Controls
• Handwashing
• Proper disposal of sharps
• No eating, drinking, smoking, or
•
applying cosmetics or lip balm in a
work area.
Food and drink must be stored
separate from infectious materials.
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3. Personal Protective Equipment
• Masks
• Goggles
• Face shields
• Gowns
• Gloves
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4. Housekeeping
• Clean spills.
• Disinfect contaminated areas with
•
commercial disinfectant or 10% fresh
bleach solution.
Do not pick up broken glass with
hands.
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5. Hepatitis B Vaccination
• Best defense against hepatitis B
•
infection
Must be provided free of charge to
the phlebotomist once become
employed
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6. Isolation
Category-Specific Isolation
•
•
•
Strict
Contact
Respiratory
• Drainage
• Enteric
• Protective
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OSHA Standards
• An exposure control plan must be
•
developed.
Engineering controls consisting of
the safest device available must be
in use.
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OSHA Standards (cont.)
• There must be employee input into
•
which devices to use.
Records must be kept of any injuries.
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Material Safety Data Sheets
•
•
Hazards are
identified by the
hazard
identification
system.
Information sheets
that must be on file to
indicate the hazards of
the chemicals used in
the laboratory
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Response to a
Needlestick Injury
• Wash the exposed area.
• Bandage the site.
• Record the patient’s name and
•
•
identification information.
Report incident to your supervisor.
Fill out an incident report.
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Latex Allergy
• Allergic reactions to latex
– Type IV latex allergy is contact
dermatitis resulting in skin irritation.
– Type I latex allergy is more serious.
This is an immunological reaction up
to anaphylactic shock.
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OSHA / Safety Quiz
Will cover material in Chap. 2 of
text and material in this lecture