Download Feline Panleukopenia - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts

Navies 2011
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F.P.V. is caused by a DNA virus of the family
Parvoviridae, which is closely related antigenetically to
the canine parvovirus (CPV), type 2 and mink
enteritisvirus
F.P.V. infects and destroys actively dividing cells in bone
marrow, lymphoid tissues, intestinal epithelium, and –in very
young animals- cerebellum and retina
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OFTEN FATAL DISEASE
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NON-ENVELOPED, SINGLE STRAND DNA VIRUS
THAT HAS
AN ESTABLISHED TROPISM FOR CELLS UNDERGOING
MITOSIS IN THE TISSUE OF
 NEONATAL BRAIN
 BONE MARROW
 LYMPHOID AND INTESTINAL LYMPHOID TISSUE
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History
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Twenty five years ago, F.P.V.
was an unknown disease
The virus that causes feline
leukemia was 1st identified in
1964
Feline panleukopenia (FP) has
also been known as feline
distemper, infectious enteritis,
cat fever (not cat scratch fever),
and other names
FPV is caused by a virus and is
present wherever cats are
congregated, especially
catteries, breeding facilities,
shelters and feral populations.
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Young, ill, immunodeficient and unvaccinated cats are
most susceptible
Older outdoor cats have usually been exposed and
tend to resist infection
Incubation period is usually 4-5 days
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Less than a year old are the ones
who are usually affected
Not sex specific
Cats that live in a multi-cat household and cats that are
allowed to roam outdoors are at greater risk of
contracting the disease
A serious and contagious viral disease that affects cats,
raccoons, and minks
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ANY CAT OF ANY AGE THAT IS UNVACCINATED,WILD, OR IN
SHELTERS ARE MOST AT RISK
VIRUS INFECTS MORE CATS IN THE SUMMER TIME
SEEN MORE IN COUNTRY CATS THAN CITY CATS
HAS BEEN KNOWN TO REPLICATE TO A CERTAIN POINT IN
DOGS, BUT DOES NOT CAUSE INFECTION
IS NOT RELATED TO CANINE DISTEMPER!!
COMMONLY SEEN IN KITTENS YOUNGER THAN 6 MONTHS
Transmission
Not a zoonotic disease
 Transmitted by direct contact or
from a contaminated environment.
- feces, urine, saliva, licking, sneezing,
or biting
 The virus shed into the
environment may be infectious for
years.
 Can spread 2-6 weeks post
recovery
 The virus enters a cat’s body
through the mucous membranes.
It then moves to the bloodstream
and eventually travels throughout
the cat’s system
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Peracute- cases may die suddenly with little or no
warning (Fading kittens)
Acute- show fever (104 – 107 degrees F), depression,
anorexia. Vomiting usually develops 1-2 days after
onset of fever. Diarrhea may or may not be present
Subacute – Between acute and chronic
Subclinical – without clinical manifestations.
Detectable by clinicopathological (both signs of disease
and its pathology) tests but not by a clinical
examination
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The panleukopenia virus attacks and destroys
WBC.
An infected cat often lowers their head over the
water bowl, thirsty but unable to drink.
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Dehydration
Lethargy
Endotoxemia & Bactermia ( the presence of bacteria or
toxins in the blood)
Cerebellar disease
Retinal defects
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THE SNAP PARVOVIRUS TEST DESIGNED FOR DOGS
USUALLY DETECTS PANLUEKOPENIA AS WELL
USING A PCR TEST (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION)
RAISING ANTIBODY TITER
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Kittens should be vaccinated between 8 and 10
weeks of age, then again after 12 to 14 weeks.
Excellent inactive and modified live virus
vaccines that provide solid, long-lasting
immunity are available for prevention.
Disinfection of food bowl, bedding and utensils
also the virus can live on human clothing and
shoes (fomites).
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If an outbreak does occur a thorough disinfection of the
entire premises needs to be made after an outbreak of
feline panleukopenia in a home shared by cats. The
only disinfectant presently acknowledged is a dilute
bleach solution, of 1:9 (one part bleach to nine parts
water.)
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Feline panleukopenia requires aggressive
treatment if the cat is to survive, because this
disease can kill cats in less than 24 hours.
Vigorous fluid therapy
Supportive nursing care in an isolated unit
Treatments of animals should only be performed
by a licensed veterinarian.
Antibiotics to prevent or correct
infection
Bland diets with small portions
Medications to stop the vomiting
Whole blood transfusion to improve
pancytopenia.
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FPV ENTERS FROM THE OROPHARYNX AND
REPLICATES IN REGIONAL LYMPHOID TISSUES
COMMON NEUROLOGICAL TISSUES AFFECTED
ARE CEREBELLUM, CEREBRUM, RETINA AND
OPPTIC NERVE
THE VIRUS NEEDS TO INFECT THE S PHASE OF
THE CELL CYCLE TO INSURE VIRAL
REPLICATION OCCURS
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Dehydration
Bowel loops are usually dilated and may have
thickened, hyperemic walls
Noticeable small cerebellum
Blunting and fusion of villi may be present
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CBC
Fecal Examination
Serum Antibodies
Viral Isolation
Looks for low WBC count
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Rising antibody titer over a period of time
Presence of viral antigens
DNA in a sample suggests active ongoing
infection
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VACCINATION! EVEN LIONS, TIGERS, MINKS, AND RACOONS
ARE ALSO SUSCEPTIBLE
NO VACCINE-RESTRAINT RECALLS HAVE BEEN REPORTED
AVAILABLE IN MLV AND KILLED INJECTABLES OR
INTRANASAL VACCINES
VACCINATE KITTENS AT 9, 12, AND 16 WEEKS OLD AND
THEN AGAIN ONE YEAR LATER
LIVE VIRUS VACCINES CAN CAUSE CEREBELLUM DAMAGE
THE VIRUS LIVES IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR MANY YEARS
SO KEEP ALL PET SUPPLIES CLEAN
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Of affected kittens that are two months or less
of age, 95% die regardless of treatment.
Kittens that are more than two months old
have a 60-70% mortality rate with treatment
and nearly 100% mortality rate if not treated.
Adult cats have a 10-20% mortality rate if
treated, and a 85% mortality rate if not treated.
Elderly cats have a 20-30% mortality rate if
treated, and a 90% mortality rate if not treated.
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Cats that survive the infection acquire a lifelong
immunity.
It is also possible for kittens to receive immunity from
their mother through the transfer of antibody
The most effective means of prevention is by
preventing exposure to infected cats by keeping them
indoors.
Yearly boosters should be given.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nO0KMu
nxLmY
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Summers, Alleice. Common Diseases of Companion
Animals. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 2007.
Print.
Feline Panleukopenia Virus." Cat Health Guide. Web. 04
Mar. 2011. <http://www.cat-healthguide.org/felinepanleukopeniavirus.html>.
Feline Panleukopenia." The Merck Veterinary Manual.
Merial Ltd. Web. 04 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.merckvetmanual.com/>.
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COMMON DISEASES OF COMPANION ANIMALS BY ALLEICE
SUMMERS
http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/mcninch/index.php
http://www.sniksnak.com/cathealth/distemper.html
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=1+2139&aid
=222
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=
htm/bc/57100.htm