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MICROBIOLOGY A branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effect on humans MICROBE • WHAT IS A MICROBE? A microbe is a tiny living organism Microbes include bacteria viruses fungi Microbes • Protists Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants, and not fungi • • Fungi fungi cannot synthesize their own food via photosynthesis, like plants do, but instead they feed off of other organisms as do animals. Viruses microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cell of an organism • Prokaryotes contain no nucleus or other cell organelles • Eubacteria These include most of the bacteria that people typically think of when they think of bacteria. • Archaeabacteria • this group of bacteria, also known as archea, thrive in extreme environments, such as hot thermal vents, under conditions with no oxygen or in highly acid environments. • Eukaryotes cells have a nucleus Energy Source They can be • Heterotrophic - either eat other things (hetero) animals are heterotrophic • autotrophi - make food for themselves (auto). plants are autotrophic Bacteria • Bacteria -single cell microorganisms -very diverse -can live independently -prokaryotes (no nucleus or organelles) -have been on earth for at least 3.5 billion years -includes both true bacteria and archaea -they are adaptive (can adjust to different environments) VIRUS ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic Are not cells VIRUS • • • • • Mmicroscopic particle Smaller than bacteria acellular contain protein and genetic material DNA or RNA based Can/ Can’t Can • Reproduce only inside a living cell that serves as a host Can’t eat, grow, or break down food can’t use oxygen can’t function on its own Virus • Host – a living thing that a virus or parasite lives on or in. • The virus forces the host to make virus cells rather than healthy new cells Virus anatomy • Protein coat outside • Genetic material inside • They match to cells that have the same characteristics Virus cause viral infections • They mainly attack eukaryotes • Cause: – – – – – – common cold flu AIDS Small Pox HIV warts chicken pox DNA/RNA based • DNA based are stable and do not mutate rapidly examples: small pox, hepatitus B RNA based are unstable and mutate rapidly examples HIV, Rhinovirus Classified by shape • Crystal polio Cylinder tobacco mosaic Sphere flu, HIV Spacecraft – only attack bacteria Virus reproduce by • Lytic cycle – destroys the host during reproduction • 1. virus attaches to host cell membrane • 2. injects nucleic acid into host cell • 3. viral nucleic acid takes over protein synthesis creating new virus 4. host cell bursts realeasing a newly formed virus Virus reproduce by • Lysogenic cycle new cell gets a copy of the viruses genes when the host cell divides. Genes stay inactive for a long time and then when they become active they begin the lytic cycle and makes copies of the virus. vaccine • Substance that helps your body develop immunity to a disease Fungi • Fungi -they are eukaryote -their spores are microscopic -molds fall into this category -antibiotics are made from different molds Epidemiology Study of incidence, distribution and control of disease in population. (Center for Disease Control) Includes the study of factors affecting the progress of an illness, and in the case of many chronic diseases, their natural history. With this careful monitoring, they can help to prevent major breakouts of disease. They have the power to quarantine any suspect people or groups if necessary. Biotechnology The industrial application of living organisms and/or biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology products include pharmaceutical compounds and research materials, fermentation to make wine, Pasteurization, penicillin, insulin, cloning, gene therapy, etc. This process includes any process in which humans use metabolism of living thinks to arrive at a desired product, ranging from bread making to gene therapy. Bioremediation A natural process in which environmental problems are solved by the use of bacteria or other microorganisms that break down a problem substance, such as oil, into harmless molecules Immunity Ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease. Genetic EngineeringDeliberately altering the genetic make-up of microbes, plants and animals for the purpose of creating new substances and genetically modified organisms.
