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Transcript
MICROBIOLOGY
A branch of biology that studies
microorganisms and their effect on
humans
MICROBE
• WHAT IS A MICROBE?
A microbe is a tiny living organism
Microbes include
bacteria
viruses
fungi
Microbes
•
Protists
Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants, and not fungi
•
•
Fungi
fungi cannot synthesize their own food via photosynthesis, like plants do, but instead they feed off of
other organisms as do animals.
Viruses
microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cell of an organism
•
Prokaryotes
contain no nucleus or other cell organelles
•
Eubacteria
These include most of the bacteria that people typically think of when they think of bacteria.
•
Archaeabacteria
•
this group of bacteria, also known as archea, thrive in extreme environments, such as hot thermal vents, under
conditions with no oxygen or in highly acid environments.
•
Eukaryotes
cells have a nucleus
Energy Source
They can be
• Heterotrophic - either eat other things
(hetero) animals are heterotrophic
• autotrophi - make food for themselves
(auto). plants are autotrophic
Bacteria
• Bacteria
-single cell microorganisms
-very diverse
-can live independently
-prokaryotes (no nucleus or organelles)
-have been on earth for at least 3.5 billion years
-includes both true bacteria and archaea
-they are adaptive (can adjust to different
environments)
VIRUS
ultramicroscopic infectious
agent that replicates itself
only within cells of living
hosts; many are pathogenic
Are not cells
VIRUS
•
•
•
•
•
Mmicroscopic particle
Smaller than bacteria
acellular
contain protein and genetic material
DNA or RNA based
Can/ Can’t
Can
• Reproduce only inside
a living cell that serves
as a host
Can’t
eat, grow, or break down food
can’t use oxygen
can’t function on its own
Virus
• Host – a living thing that a virus or parasite
lives on or in.
• The virus forces the host to make virus
cells rather than healthy new cells
Virus anatomy
• Protein coat outside
• Genetic material inside
• They match to cells that have the same
characteristics
Virus cause viral infections
• They mainly attack eukaryotes
• Cause:
–
–
–
–
–
–
common cold
flu
AIDS
Small Pox
HIV
warts
chicken pox
DNA/RNA based
• DNA based are stable and do not mutate
rapidly
examples: small pox, hepatitus B
RNA based are unstable and mutate
rapidly
examples HIV, Rhinovirus
Classified by shape
• Crystal
polio
Cylinder
tobacco mosaic
Sphere
flu, HIV
Spacecraft – only attack bacteria
Virus reproduce by
• Lytic cycle – destroys the host during
reproduction
• 1. virus attaches to host cell membrane
• 2. injects nucleic acid into host cell
• 3. viral nucleic acid takes over protein
synthesis creating new virus
4. host cell bursts realeasing a newly
formed virus
Virus reproduce by
• Lysogenic cycle
new cell gets a copy of the viruses genes
when the host cell divides. Genes stay
inactive for a long time and then when
they become active they begin the lytic
cycle and makes copies of the virus.
vaccine
• Substance that helps your
body develop immunity to a
disease
Fungi
• Fungi
-they are eukaryote
-their spores are microscopic
-molds fall into this category
-antibiotics are made from different molds
Epidemiology
Study of incidence, distribution and control
of disease in population. (Center for
Disease Control) Includes the study of
factors affecting the progress of an illness,
and in the case of many chronic diseases,
their natural history. With this careful
monitoring, they can help to prevent major
breakouts of disease. They have the
power to quarantine any suspect people or
groups if necessary.
Biotechnology
The industrial application of living organisms
and/or biological techniques developed through
basic research. Biotechnology products include
pharmaceutical compounds and research
materials, fermentation to make wine,
Pasteurization, penicillin, insulin, cloning, gene
therapy, etc. This process includes any process
in which humans use metabolism of living thinks
to arrive at a desired product, ranging from
bread making to gene therapy.
Bioremediation
A natural process in which environmental
problems are solved by the use of bacteria
or other microorganisms that break down
a problem substance, such as oil, into
harmless molecules
Immunity
Ability to resist or recover from an
infectious disease.
Genetic EngineeringDeliberately altering the genetic make-up of
microbes, plants and animals for the
purpose of creating new substances and
genetically modified organisms.