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Department of University Safety and Assurances
www.safety.uwm.edu
Bloodborne Pathogens
• Bloodborne Pathogens
are microorganisms
(such as viruses)
transmitted through
blood, or other
potentially infectious
material such as certain
bodily fluids (semen,
breast milk, etc.) or
tissues.
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Bloodborne Pathogens
• Bodily fluids, especially those
visibly contaminated with
blood, are capable of causing
disease.
• Pathogens can enter your
body through a cut in the skin,
through your eyes or mouth.
• Can also be transmitted
sexually
• Main diseases of concern are
Hepatitis B (and C) virus, and
HIV (AIDS virus).
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HIV
• HIV attacks your
body’s ability to
protect itself against
disease
• Initially no visible
signs of having the
virus
• Most people with
HIV develop AIDS
(acquired immune
deficiency syndrome)
• There is no
vaccination for HIV
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Immature HIV Virus
• HIV attacks your body’s
ability to protect itself
against disease
• Initially no visible signs of
having the virus
• Most people with HIV
develop AIDS (acquired
immune deficiency syndrome)
• There is no vaccination
for HIV
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HIV
• Virus lives outside the
body only a few hours
• 4 modes of transfer:
1. Blood
2. Semen
3. Vaginal secretions
4. Breast milk
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HIV
10-50 virus particles per ml of blood
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Aids Statistics from CDC
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Persons Diagnosed With AIDS
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Adults & Adolescents Living with
AIDS
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Adults & Adolescents Living with
AIDS
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Proportion of AIDS Cases Among
Females
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CDC HIV Prevention Program
• CDC directs
largest portion of
its HIV prevention
effort to the
African American
communities
• AIDS is the
leading cause of
death among
African
Americans ages
25-44
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HIV Risk Growing Among Women
and Teens
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HIV
Newsweek
Special Edition
Summer, 2005
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What is Hepatitis?
• Hepatitis means inflammation of the
liver. Viral hepatitis is inflammation of
the liver caused by a virus.
• There are five identified types of viral
hepatitis and each one is caused by a
different virus.
• In the United States, Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the most
common types.
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Types of Hepatitis
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis G
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Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis A continues to
be one of the most
frequently reported
vaccine-preventable
diseases in the US.
• Although hepatitis A
occurs in virtually every
area of the United
States, certain states
and counties have
higher rates than
others.
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Hepatitis B
• Up to 100 times
easier to catch
than HIV
• Unlike HIV, can
live outside of
body for several
days
Schematic of Hepatitis B
Virus
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Is Hepatitis B a Serious
Problem?
• Yes. Each year thousands of
people of all ages get
Hepatitis B and about 5,000
dies of chronic liver
problems caused by HBV
virus infection.
• If you have had other types
of Hepatitis, such as
Hepatitis A or C, you can still
get HBV.
• HBV is spread by:
– Having sex with an infected
person
– Direct contact with the blood of
an infected person.
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Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is 100 more infectious
than HIV
• About 5% of Americans have been infected
with HBV at some point during their lifetime
• People who get infected with HBV can also get
infected with Hepatitis D virus (HDV). If this
happens, people often become very sick
» Source
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HBV Cannot be Spread by:
• Sneezing or
coughing
• Kissing or hugging
• Breast feeding
• Food or water
• Sharing eating
utensils or drinking
glasses
• Casual contact
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Concentration of Hepatitis B Virus in
Various Body Fluids
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Average Incubation Period
• The average incubation
period (The time between an
initial exposure to the virus
and the development of
symptoms) for Hepatitis B
is about 16 weeks
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Hepatitis
Acute:
6-8 weeks, 90%
– 30-40% with acute HBV have no idea how or when
they became infected
– 5-15% of infected carry virus for longer than 6 months
(carriers)
Chronic:
Life, 10%
– Hepatitis B carriers are people infected with HBV and
never fully recover. They carry the virus and can infect
others for the rest of their lives
– Approximately one million people in the US carry HBV
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Hepatitis B
• 1,000,000 - 1,000,000,000 virus particles per
ml of blood
• Virus can live outside the body for several days
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Hepatitis B
• “The risk of contracting Hepatitis B
from a single needlestick
contaminated with blood from a
person with known Hepatitis B
ranges from 6% to 30%.”
• “Approximately 10% of those
infected become chronic carriers
who can infect their families and
friends. They have up to 300
times greater than normal risk of
developing liver cancer.”
• “Every year, approximately 5,000
Americans, die of HBV or its
complications.
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HIV vs. Hepatitis B
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Hepatitis C
• An Estimated 3.9
million Americans
have been infected
with HBC
• Hepatitis C virus
(HCV) infection is
the most common
chronic bloodborne
infection in the
United States
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Hepatitis C
• Disease can incubate
for decades
• By 2010 may affect
more Americans each
year than AIDS
• HCV not related to the
viruses that cause
HBA and HBV
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Sources of Infection -- Hepatitis C
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Hepatitis C
• Risk Factors:
– Long-term kidney
dialysis
– Sex with multiple
partners
– Tattooing or body
piercing with shared
needles or unsterilized
equipment
– Intranasal cocaine use
with shared straws
Pamela Anderson claims her infection came from a
tattoo needle
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Hepatitis C Prevention
• If you are thinking about
getting a tattoo or body
piercing, consider the risks.
– You might get infected if tools
have someone else’s blood on
them or if the artist or piercer
does not follow good health
practices such as washing
hands, using sterile equipment
and disposable gloves.
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Some signs and symptoms of HBV
and HBC include:
• Flu-like symptoms
• fatigue
• jaundice
• severe pain in joints
• lung disease
• inflammation of liver
• inflammation on and ulcers of the colon
• may be asymptomatic (i.e. no symptoms indicated)
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HBV and HCV
• Liver is located behind
the lower ribs on the
right side of your
abdomen
• Weighs about 3
pounds and is roughly
the size of a football.
• If infected with HBV,
the liver often
becomes tender and
enlarged
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Hepatitis B (and C)
• There is no cure for Hepatitis B or
C…
• but unlike HIV, there is a vaccination
for Hepatitis B.
(There is no vaccination for Hepatitis C)
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The ABC’s of Hepatitis
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How Long Can the Virus Survive
Outside the Body?
• Hepatitis A is caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
HAV can live outside the body for months, depending on
the environmental conditions
• Hepatitis B is caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
HBV can survive outside the body at least 7 days and still
be capable of transmitting infection.
• Hepatitis C is caused by Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Recent studies have shown that HCV can survive outside
the body and still transmit infection for 16 hours, but not
longer than 4 days.
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How to Reduce Your Risk
• Only employees at moderate
risk are included in the campus
Bloodborne Pathogens
Exposure Control Plan.
• Employees in the plan can
receive HBV vaccinations at no
cost.
• There are specific training,
engineering, and work practice
controls for those potentially at
risk of exposure to BBP on the
job.
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How to Reduce Your Risk
Universal Precautions/
Standard Precautions:
– A system of infection control which
assumes that all human blood and certain
body fluids are treated as if known to be
infectious.
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How Bloodborne Pathogens Spread
on the Job
• By a sharp
object that is
contaminated
by the virus
when it cuts
or punctures
your skin.
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How Bloodborne Pathogens Spread
on the Job
• When a contaminated object touches inflamed
skin, acne, skin abrasions
• When you
touch a
contaminated
surface and
then touch
your eyes,
nose, mouth,
or open
wounds or
inflamed skin
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Use Spill Kit for Clean-up
Kit Includes:
•
•
•
•
Face Mask
Gloves
Goggles
Sharps Disposal
Container
• Voban
• Fluid Control Solidifier
• Personal Safety
Equipment Cleaning
Pads
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How to Reduce Your Risk
• Don’t Recap
Needles
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How to Reduce Your Risk
• Do not bend,
shear, break
or recap
needles
• If you must
recap, use
one-handed
method
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How to Reduce Your Risk
• Needles and
other sharps must
be discarded in
rigid, leak-proof,
puncture
resistance
containers
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How to Reduce Your Risk
• When emptying
trash containers, do
not use your hands
to compress the
trash in the bag.
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How to Reduce Your Risk
• Lift and carry
the trash bag
away from
your body
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How to Reduce Your Risk
• Do not eat, drink,
smoke, apply
cosmetics or
handle contact
lenses in areas
where there is the
possibility of
exposure to BBP,
such as in UWM
labs
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Personal Protective Equipment
• Gloves, masks, eye protection,
CPR microshields
(PPE is provided by UWM)
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Body Fluid Cleanup Procedures
• Get Spill Kit from
Janitorial Closet
• Put on gloves.
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Body Fluid Cleanup Procedures
• If splashing is anticipated,
wear protective eyewear
and mask
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Body Fluid Cleanup Procedures
• Remove
visible
material with
absorbent
towels
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Body Fluid Cleanup Procedures
• Area should be
decontaminated for
10 minutes
• Once the area has
been disinfected,
dry area with
absorbent towels
and dispose of
towels in regular
trash
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Body Fluid Cleanup Procedures
• Glove removal
and disposal
technique
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Glove Removal and Disposal
• Grip one glove
near the cuff &
peel it down until
it comes off inside
out.
• Cup in the palm of
your gloved hand.
• Place two fingers
of your bare hand
inside cuff of
remaining glove.
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Glove Removal and Disposal
• Peel that
glove down so
that it also
comes off
inside out and
over the first
glove.
• Dispose of
gloves in the
normal trash.
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Wash Hands Well
• Wet your hands and apply liquid, bar or
powder soap.
• Rub hands together vigorously to make a
lather and scrub all surfaces.
• Continue for 20 seconds! It takes that
long for the soap and scrubbing action to
dislodge & remove stubborn germs.
• Rinse hands well under running water.
• Dry your hands using a paper towel or air
dryer.
• If possible, use your paper towel to turn
off the faucet
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Exposure Incident
What should you do if
you have an
exposure to blood
and/or other body
fluids that might
contain Hepatitis B
virus (HBV),
Hepatitis C virus
(HCV), or (HIV)
virus?
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Following an Exposure
• If you have an exposure
incident – immediately
wash the exposed area
with warm water and soap.
• If the exposure was in your
eyes, immediately flush
with water (or saline
solution) – make sure to
completely irrigate the eye
area.
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Removal of Contaminated Clothing
• If a pullover shirt becomes
contaminated you must remove it in
such a way as to avoid contact with
the contaminated surface
• Rolling the shirt as it is pulled toward
the head will reduce the chance of
contact with the contaminated area
• After carefully rolling the shirt, pull it
over the head – avoiding contact with
mucous membranes
• If the shirt cannot be removed
without contamination, it is
recommended that the shirt be cut
and removed
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Following an Exposure
• Report the incident to your
supervisor
• Immediately seek medical
treatment
• Complete Accident/Injury
Report as soon as possible
and turn in to your
supervisor
• Form is submitted to
Workers Compensation
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Hepatitis B Vaccination
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Hepatitis B Vaccination
• Beginning with the
1997-98 school
year, Wisconsin
state law began to
phase in the
Hepatitis B
vaccination
requirement.
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Vaccination
• Very low risk vaccine
• Three doses over 6
months
• Must receive all three
doses
• >79% effective
• Free to employees
• May decline vaccine (but
must sign waiver)
• May receive vaccine later
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Vaccination Form
You may choose one of
the following options:
– Yes, I do wish to receive
the Hepatitis B vaccine
or
– I decline the Hepatitis B
vaccination at this time
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Adult Immunization Schedule
Persons with medical/exposure indications
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Vaccination Appointments
• Appointments for
your vaccination
can be scheduled
at the Norris
Health Center
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Top 11 Most Frequently Asked
Questions About Viral Hepatitis
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What is Chronic HBV?
• Life-long liver disease
caused by infection with HBV
• These people are infected for
life and can spread the
disease to others
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Will I die from Hepatitis B?
• Most people do not die
from it.
• There are cases where
Hepatitis B can cause
liver damage (cirrhosis)
that does not go away.
• Hepatitis B can also
cause liver cancer,
which may lead to
death. Good medical
care can make your risk
less for these.
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Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B
• Check with your doctor about
treatment for chronic hepatitis B.
Most people with chronic hepatitis
B will remain carriers of the virus
if they do not get treated.
• The best things carriers can
do:
– make sure their babies get all of their
hepatitis B shots
– make sure they do not spread it to
others
– get good health care
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Booster Doses and Post-vaccination
Testing
• Vaccine-induced hepatitis B
surface antibody levels may
decline over time; however,
immune memory remains intact
indefinitely following
immunization.
• Persons with declining antibody
levels are still protected against
clinical illness and chronic
disease.
• After routine vaccination of
infants, children, adolescents or
adults, post-vaccination testing
for adequate antibody response is
not necessary
Source: CDC, 2003
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If my hepatitis B vaccination series is
interrupted, do I have to start over?
• No. If the vaccination
series is interrupted,
resume with the next
dose in the series.
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Conclusion
Questions?
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