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Policies Aimed at Demographic Causes of Undernutrition Text extracted from: The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2004 http://www.lastfirst.net/images/product/R004548.jpg Reduced Population Growth results in more food per person • A successful policy to reduce population growth – Will result in lower food prices – And lower food quantity • But the drop in population growth – Reduces demand more than the drop in food quantity http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/books/gfp/globalfoodprojections2020_graph05.jpg • Thus food availability per person increases Rapid Population Growth • Problems: – – – – Prices Increase Education more difficult Capital/person drops Inequity increases • All increase undernutrition – Children hurt most – Thus reducing family size important • Need to speed up demographic transition http://www.populationaction.org/resources/factsheets/factsheet30.htm How to hasten demographic transition • Increase income – But initially may have more children – Pensions mean: need to have fewer children • Increase Education – Especially of women • Increases employment • Increases family planning • Increase Health Care – Reduces infant mortality • Thus need to have fewer children Pronatalist Public Policy • Old policies that promote having children – When many children died from • Wars • Famines • Infectious Diseases – Common throughout world • Tax Deductions • Unlimited subsidized maternity leave • Child care subsidies • Need new policies to favor small families http://www.geocities.com/heartland/park/5876/guadtaylorgarcia.jpg Incentives for small families • Tea Estates, India – Maternity and child benefits paid by Tea Estate • But mothers receive retirement for each month do not have children – Retirement account is charged if have 3 or more children http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39537000/jpg/_39537645_teagarden203.jpg • To pay for maternity and child benefits Disincentives for large families • China one child policy – if sign contract to have only one child • Receive Glory Certificate – – – – – Priority child care Priority medical care Priority admission to schools Increased income Larger housing – If have 2 kids • Must return benefits • Income reduced – If have 3 kids • Increased sanctions http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/755000/images/_755525_child150.jpg Population projection for China http://trak.in/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/windowslivewriterindiaandchinathedifferenceinpopulationgr-6d9india-overtakes-china-in-population10.png Fertility Rates • Higher marriage age – Fertility reduced 1.4 child • Increased contraception use – Fertility reduced 4.5 child • Induced abortion – Fertility reduced .5 child • Reduced breast feeding – Fertility increased 1.5 child Contraceptive use, Cambodia http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagemen t/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8690 Family Planning • Many women want to limit their family – May have limited access to family planning Desire for children among married women, Cambodia http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagemen t/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8690
