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Chapter 1 First Aid for Colleges and Universities 10 Edition Introduction to First Aid Care Slide Presentation prepared by Randall Benner, M.Ed., NREMT-P © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives • Identify the need for properly prepared First Aiders. • Identify the principal aims of first aid. • Identify skills performed by a First Aider. • Understand the legal aspects of first aid and emergency medical care. • Explain the factors constituting negligence. • Understand how infectious diseases are transmitted. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives • Understand the infectious diseases of concern in an emergency setting. • Describe ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in an emergency setting. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • First Aiders are the first (trained) people on an emergency scene who can initiate life-saving measures, including – – – – – – Airway and respiratory intervention Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation Bleeding control Special wound care Stabilization of spinal injuries Splinting of fractures © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. What is First Aid? • Temporary and immediate care given to a person who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill. • Does not replace physicians, nurses, or paramedics. • A primary principle is to active the EMS (emergency care system) in all cases of serious injury. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Principal Aims of First Aid Care • • • • • • • Recognize life-threatening situations. Activate the EMS system. Supply artificial ventilation and circulation. Control bleeding. Minimize further injury and complications. Prevent infection. Make the victim as comfortable as possible. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. General Procedures • Basic plan of action – – – – Observe the scene upon approach. Keep yourself and others at the scene safe. Activate the EMS system. Gain access to the victim, and determine immediate threats to life. – Provide basic life support to those whose lives are threatened; provide care to those most seriously injured first. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Infectious Disease Transmission • An infectious (communicable) disease can be transmitted from person to person, or from animals or the environment to people. • All body fluids should be considered potentially infectious. – – – – – Saliva Blood Vaginal secretions Semen Amniotic fluid (or liquor amnii is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a pregnant female) – Fluids that lubricate internal organs, the spine, joints, and tendons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Infectious Disease Transmission • For disease to spread, three things must happen – Infecting organisms (such as bacteria and viruses) must survive outside their hosts. – An infecting organism must then move from one place to another (i.e., be transmitted). – An infecting organism must then invade a new host’s body and multiply there. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Infectious Disease Transmission • All of the following symptoms should be considered potentially infectious – – – – – – – – A rash or skin lesion An open sore Diarrhea Vomiting Coughing or sneezing Draining or oozing wounds Headache with a stiff neck Yellowish skin or eyes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Infectious Disease Transmission © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Diseases of Concern in an Emergency Setting • Three bloodborne diseases are of particular concern. – Hepatitis B: Most common type of hepatitis; a viral infection of the liver; symptoms resemble the flu. – Hepatitis C: Caused by a different virus than Hepatitis B; can lead to permanent liver damage or cancer. – HIV: This virus suppresses the immune system; may lead to AIDS, which is eventually fatal. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Diseases of Concern in an Emergency Setting • Other diseases of concern include – Herpes: Highly contagious infection of the skin and mucous membranes. – Tuberculosis: Severe lung infection. – Meningitis: Infection of the membranes in the brain and spinal cord. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Protection from Infection • • • • Keep immunizations current. Take body substance isolation precautions. Wash hands thoroughly after providing care. Avoid touching your mouth, nose, eyes, or personal items until after hand washing. • Cover abrasions with protective clothing or gloves. • Wear a mask. • Seek immediate care if you’re exposed to blood or body fluids. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Safety at the Scene • Staying safe is your first priority. • Don’t enter an unsafe situation without proper training and equipment. • In addition to activating EMS, you may need to request specialized personnel to deal with fire, unstable structures, motor vehicle accidents, electrical hazards, water emergencies, or incidents involving hostility and violence. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary • First aid is temporary, immediate care for a person who is injured or who becomes suddenly ill. • It does not replace the care of a physician, nurse, or paramedic. • A primary principle is to activate the EMS system. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary • First Aiders should be able to recognize lifethreatening situations; apply artificial ventilation, circulation, and defibrillation; control bleeding; prevent further injury; and minimize complications. • Care should always be provided to the most seriously injured victims first. • A First Aider should be familiar with and understand key legal aspects including Duty to Act, Good Samaritan Laws, Reasonable-Man Test, and Right to Refuse Care. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary • Infectious diseases are of particular concern in an emergency setting. • You should minimize your risk of infection by following key guidelines including wearing protective gear, thoroughly washing hands, and avoiding touching your face or personal items until after hand washing. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.