Download Chapter 10

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Definitions
• Infection control
• Infectious disease
• Pathogens
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Signs and
Symptoms of Infections
• Generalized or systemic
– Affecting the whole body
• Localized
– Affecting one area of the body
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Microbiology
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Microscope
Microbiology
Germ theory
Communicable disease or contagious
disease
• Contaminated
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Microbiology
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Normal flora
Immune response
Antibiotic
Opportunistic infection
Aerobic
Anaerobic
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Microbiology
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Hosts
Symbiosis
Neutralism
Parasitic
Parasite
Microbes
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Microbes
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Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Rickettsia
Protozoa
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Chain of Infection
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Infectious agent
Reservoir host
Portal of exit
Route of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
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Chain of Infection
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Infection Control
• Defense mechanisms
• Scope of problem
– Nosocomial infection
– Handwashing
– Industrial illness
– Needlestick injuries
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Infection Control
• Regulatory agencies
– CDC
– OSHA
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Asepsis
• Asepsis
– Also known as aseptic technique
• Medical asepsis or clean technique
• Surgical asepsis or sterile technique
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Breaking the Chain of Infection
• Breaking just one link, stops the infection
• Six elements summarized
– Source of infecting microorganism
– Means of transmission
– Susceptible host
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How to Break Chain
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Handwashing
Decontaminate surfaces and equipment
Avoid contact when contagious
Wear Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
• Follow isolation precautions
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Maximize Resistance
• Provide good hygiene
• Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake
• Decrease stressors that weaken the
immune response
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Normal Flora
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Transient flora
Resident flora
Standard precautions
Handwashing
– Removes transient flora
– Diminishes resident flora
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Standard Precautions
• Follow at ALL times
– Prevents contact with microbes
– Blood
– Body fluids, secretions, and excretions except
sweat
– Nonintact skin
– Mucous membranes
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Standard Precautions
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Handwashing
PPE
Patient-care equipment
Environmental control
Linen
Needle disposal
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Isolation
• Consequences to patient
• Transmission-based precautions
– Airborne precautions
– Droplet precautions
– Contact precautions
• Neutropenic precautions
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Methods to
Inhibit or Destroy Microbes
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Bacteriostatic
Bacteriocidal or germicidal
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Sterilization
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Surgical Asepsis
• Also called sterile technique
• Eliminates presence of pathogens from
objects and areas
• Sterile field
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The Risks
• Blood-borne pathogens
– Hepatitis B
– Hepatitis C
– Hepatitis D
– HIV
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Tuberculosis (TB)
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Airborne pathogen
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
No prevention
Skin test give for detection
Still a problem in the United States
Drug-resistant strains developing
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Drug-Resistant Organisms
• Developed from overuse of antibiotics
• Developed from patients who do not
complete antibiotic treatment
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
(MRSA)
• Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
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Other Infectious Organisms
• Bird Flu
– Avian Influenza
• Mad Cow Disease
– Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
• West Nile Virus
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Reporting Exposure
• Any exposure to blood or body fluids must
be reported immediately
• Written incident or injury report
• Exposure Control Plan
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