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Infection Control
Warning:
blood and guts to follow !
Infection Control
• Microorganisms
• Infectious
Disease
• Chain of Infection
• Nosocomial
Infection
• Disease Control
• Environment
Microorganisms
that cause disease

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Protozoa

Can grow in or on
an animal or plant
and cause diseases.

Host: animal or
plant that provides
life support to
another organism.
Microorganisms

Disease: Any change from the normal
structure or function in the human
body.

Infection: Growth of a microorganism
on or in a host.
Disease
• Disease occurs
only when the
microorganism
causes injury to
the host
Pathogen

A disease producing microorganism.
 Multiply
in large numbers and cause an
obstruction
 Cause tissue damage
 Secrete substance that produce effects in
the body

Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)
Bacteria
 Strep Throat
 Bacterial
Pneumonia
 Food Poisoning
Protozoan
• Trichomonas
Vaginalis
• Plasmodium
Vivax
– Malaria
Viruses
• Common cold
• Mononucleosis
• Warts
Fungi
• Athlete’s Foot
– Tinea pedis
• Ringworm
6 Steps of Infection

Encounter

Multiplication

Entry

Damage

Spread

Outcome
Chain of Infection
 Host
 Infectious
Microorganism
 Mode of
Transmission
 Vector/ Fomite
 Reservoir
Nosocomial Infections

Infections
originating in the
hospital; an
infection not
present before
admittance to
the hospital.
Nosocomial Infections
Iatrogenic
Infection
 Compromised
Patients
 Patient Flora
 Hospital
Environment
 Bloodborne
Pathogens

Third Degree Burn
Universal Precautions






Since there is no way you can know if a person
is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal
precautions:
Wash your hands
Wear gloves
Handle sharp objects carefully
Properly clean all spills
Wear mask, eye protection, and apron if
splashing is a possibility.
Airborne Precautions
Patients infected with pathogens that
remain suspended in air for long periods
on aerosol droplets or dust.
 TB, Chickenpox, Measles
 Respiratory protection must be worn when
entering pt room.
 Pt should wear mask.

Droplet Precautions
Patients infected with pathogens that
disseminate through large particulate
droplets expelled from coughing,
sneezing, or even talking.
 Rubella, Mumps, Influenza
 Surgical mask must be worn when within 3
feet of the pt.
 Pt should wear a mask.

Contact Precautions



Patients infected with pathogens that spread by
direct contact with the pt or by indirect contact
with a contaminated object (bedrail, pt dressing).
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), Hepatitis A, Varicella, Flesh-eating
Virus
All PPE should be used and equipment must be
disinfected after use.
Controlling the spread of Disease
• Chemotherapy
• Immunization
• Asepsis
– Medical
– Surgical
• Disinfectants
Physical Methods of
Controlling Diseases
• Handwashing
• Standard
Precautions
– Gloving
– Gowns
– Face masks
– Eyewear
Handwashing
Single most important means of
preventing the spread of infection.
 7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the
microbes present, depending on the
number present.
 Most effective portion of handwashing is
the mechanical action of rubbing the
hands together.

Types of Nosocomial Infections





Iatrogenic Infection – related to physician
activities
Compromised Patients - weakened
resistance; immunosuppressed
Patient Flora - microbes in healthy people
Contaminated Hospital Environment
Bloodborne Pathogens – Hepatitis B and HIV
So What, and Who Cares?

Students and Techs are challenged both
physically and mentally by the microbial
world. In this world of newly found, lifethreatening diseases, education has
become the key to survival. Health care
providers must be committed to infection
control so that diseases can be
conquered!
Syphilis in the eye
Infection Control per JCAHO
Fingernail Compliance

No more than ¼ inch long

No artificial nails

No chips on nail polish
When do you wash your hands?
When hands are visibly soiled
 Before and after patient contact
 After removal of gloves
 After using the toilet
 After blowing or wiping the nose
 Upon leaving an isolation area

When do you wash your hands?

Before Eating

How long do you wash?
 10-15
Seconds
When should sharps boxes be
emptied?

When they are 2/3 full
What are some examples of proper
usage of gloves?




Wear gloves when you anticipate possible
contamination
When handling chemicals like disinfectants for
cleaning
Remove gloves immediately after performing
task and performing hand hygiene
Hallways should be considered a
“glove free zone”
When do you use disinfectant jell?
Before and after patient care when hands
are not visibly soiled
 Before performing invasive procedures for
hand decontamination
 To decontaminate hands after contact with
patient’s intact skin, i.e., after taking vital
signs

What can you use for cleaning
equipment and surfaces?

Disinfectant wipes
How do you know equipment is
clean?
Clean equipment is covered with plastic
 A clean bed or gurney is dressed
 Medical equipment is cleaned between
patients or when soiled
 Not sure ? Always clean and disinfect.

What are examples of
Standard
Precautions?
What are examples of Standard
Precautions?
Use of PPE (personal protective
equipment)
 Protective housekeeping
 Practicing good hygiene

What are the 3 Transmission-based
Isolation Precautions?
 Contact
 Droplet
 Airborne
Review
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Microorganisms
Disease
Pathogen
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoan
6 Steps of Infection
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Chain of Infection
Nosocomial Infection
Controlling Disease
Physical Methods of
Controlling Diseases
Handwashing
Standard Precautions
Universal Precautions
Questions?
• Infection Control