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Chapter 8 Medical Terminology and Disease Word Elements for Medical Terms • word root—the body of the word (cardi, arthr, mast) • prefix—before word root (intra-, trans-) • suffix—after word root (-logy, -gram) • combining vowel—joins two word roots (electr-ocardi-o-gram) • combining form—word root plus combining vowel (osteo, electro) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Combining Word Elements • Once you are familiar with word elements, you can combine them to build medical terms. • Most singular and plural endings follow Greek and Latin rules. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Discuss Break the following words into their word elements, and then derive their meaning: polycystic poly/cyst/ic—having many cysts mastectomy mast/ectomy–removal of breast transurethral trans/urethr/al—through the urethra Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Medical Terms • pronunciation – – – – ch often sounds like k g sounds like j when g comes before e, i, and y pn sounds like n ps sounds like s • correct spelling—utmost importance in medical terminology • medical abbreviations vary by facility Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Body Cavities • spaces in body that house internal organs • two main cavities 1. dorsal 2. ventral Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Body Cavities Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Anatomical Position Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Other Body Positions Prone Supine Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Other Body Positions Fowler’s Lateral Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Body Directions and Movements • • • • • anterior/ventral posterior/dorsal superior inferior distal • • • • • proximal abduction adduction flexion extension Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Discuss What are some examples of abduction and adduction? Demonstrate. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Body Planes • • • • sagittal midsagittal/median coronal transverse Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Medical Specialties • areas of focus practiced by medical professionals, named according to a body system Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What Is Disease? • a disorder or abnormal condition in some part of the body’s structure or function • an important purpose of medicine is to treat disease Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. What Is Diagnosis? • made by studying medical history and symptoms, performing physical exam, and analyzing results • involves diagnostic testing, identifying treatment options, and classifying disease Alexander Raths/Shutterstock.com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Types of Disease • hereditary disease (abnormalities in genes) • congenital disease (birth defects) • environmental disease (exposure to harmful factors in environment) • nutritional disease (inability or failure to consume proper nutrients) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Types of Disease • infectious disease (pathogenic microorganisms) • degenerative disease (deterioration of tissue/organs over time) • trauma (physical injury by accident or violence) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Discuss Write the first three diseases that come to your mind. What types of diseases are they? Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Cancer • abnormal growth of cells multiplying rapidly in the body • metastasis—spread of cancerous cells • malignant—used to describe an active, lifethreatening tumor Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Signs and Symptoms of Cancer • • • • change in bowel or bladder habits a sore that doesn’t heal unusual bleeding or discharge thickening or lump in breast, testicles, or elsewhere • indigestion or difficulty swallowing • obvious change in size, color, shape or thickness of wart, mole, or mouth sore • nagging cough or hoarseness Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.