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Personal Development
Health and Physical Education
HSC Enrichment Day
2013
Core 1
Health Priorities in Australia
The Role of Epidemiology
The health status of a country or community is determined by combining
the health status of each member of the population. Therefore, Australia’s
health status is a reflection of the status of all individual Australians.
(Gunstone et al, 2009, p. 8)
Epidemiology is…
•
The study of causes and distribution of sickness and death of a
population
•
It is the study of disease among particular populations or groups
within society
Measures of Epidemiology – Current Trends
The key measures used to determine health status are:
Mortality
The number of deaths from a condition and/or in a group during a specific
period of time (death rates)
Morbidity
Ill health, illness or disease in an individual and levels of ill health in a
population group
Infant Mortality
Refers to children <1 yr of age who die of any cause
Life Expectancy
Refers to how long an individual is expected to live
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Measures of Epidemiology – Current Trends
Measure of
Epidemiology
Trend
Reason
Mortality
Improvements in road safety measures, falls in smoking
rates. Improvements in prevention, detection &
treatment of diseases.
Morbidity
Illness/disease with the biggest ‘burden’ is largely
treatable; an increase in certain risk factors such as
body mass and high BP
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality
The control of infectious diseases, improved hygiene &
sanitation, advances in medical care, better working
conditions, & nutrition; health education & reductions
in smoking.
Changes in behaviours, exposures, health
interventions, social & environmental circumstances &
the effects of medical & technological advances.
Cancer
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which
abnormal cells divide without control and are
able to invade other tissues
Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Most
cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which
they start - for example, cancer that begins in the lung is
called lung cancer; cancer that begins in the melanocytes
of the skin is called melanoma.
Cancer
Graph 5
Graph 6
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
The term cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to diseases of the heart and
blood vessels, and includes conditions such as:
CVD Condition
Also known as…
Coronary heart disease
Ischaemic heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Stroke
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Peripheral vascular disease
Heart disease in the legs and feet
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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Injury
An injury is the physical damage (for example, a bruise, broken bone or
brain damage) that results when a human body is suddenly or briefly
subjected to intolerable levels of energy
There are many causes of injury, including being struck by an object (a car,
for example), cut by a knife, falling, or coming in contact with fi re or with a
toxic chemical. The focus here is on the causes of injury (referred to as
‘external causes’) rather than the physical damage.
(AIHW, 2012)
Injuries are further categorised into two main types:
1. Unintentional (for example, motor vehicle crashes, falls)
2. Intentional (for example, assault, self-harm).
(AIHW, 2012)
Graph 9.
Injury
Risk and Protective Factors
Risk Factors:
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Chronic disease is related to diet
and are a major cause of death and
disability in Australia, and their
prevalence is steadily increasing.
Almost 60% of Australians aged 15
& over do not do enough physical
activity to benefit their health,
Being overweight or obese
Tobacco smoking is the single
most preventable cause of ill health
and death in Australia
Excessive use of alcohol leads to
substantial health and social harms
each year.
Protective Factors:
•
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•
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Screening
Regular check-ups
Education al programs.
OH &S legislation
Seeking support networks
Managing stress
Wear protective clothing
Determinants
Sociocultural
Cancer
CVD
Injury
Socioeconomic
Environmental
• Young females
smoking
• Habits – “tanning”
culture
• smoking rates in
unemployed
•  education
levels; awareness
eg. screening
• Outdoor workers
• Workplace
hazards/chemicals
• Rural/remote
• Family history
• Gender: males
• ATSI
•  income and
unemployment
• Rural/remote
• ATSI
• Risk taking in
males
• Social pressure
• Relationship
breakdown
•  income and
unemployment
• Workplace hazards
• Rural/remote
• Unsafe environments
Groups at Risk
Cancer
CVD
• Indigenous
Australians
• Socioeconomically
disadvantaged
communities
• People who live in
rural and remote
regions of Australia
• Males and Females
• Indigenous
Australians
• Socioeconomically
disadvantaged
communities
• People who live in
rural and remote
regions of Australia
• Elderly
Injury
•
•
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Elderly (Falls)
ATSI
Children (drowning)
Young Males
(MVA’s, mental
health injuries)