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Lesson 4
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
Do you think HIV is a curable disease?
Even though medicines can slow
the progress of HIV infection,
there is still no vaccine that
prevents the disease.
Lesson 4
Lesson Objectives
In this lesson, you’ll learn to:
Explain how technologies such as new drug treatments have
impacted the health status of individuals with HIV.
Analyze the impact of the availability of health services in the
community and the world for people living with HIV/AIDS.
Demonstrate strategies to practice abstinence and to refuse
pressure to engage in sexual activity or drug use.
Lesson 4
Stages of HIV Infection
How HIV Develops
A person is considered infectious immediately after contracting
the virus.
Approximately half of all persons develop symptoms such as
fever, rash, headache, body aches, and swollen glands about
three to six weeks after becoming infected with HIV.
These symptoms disappear within a week to a month and the
person enters the asymptomatic stage.
A person may show no signs of illness for 6 months to 10
years or more, though the viruses continue to grow and the
infected person can still transmit the virus to others.
Lesson 4
Stages of HIV Infection
Symptomatic HIV Infection
During the asymptomatic stage, the immune system keeps
pace with HIV infection by producing billions of new cells.
Eventually the numbers of cells in the immune system decline
to the point where other infections start to take over, and this
marks the symptomatic stage.
The symptoms may include swollen glands, weight loss, and
yeast infections.
Lesson 4
Stages of HIV Infection
AIDS
During the latter stage of HIV infection, more serious
symptoms appear until the infection meets the official
definition of AIDS.
These symptoms include the presence of HIV infection, a
severely damaged immune system measured by numbers
of helper T cells, and the appearance of one or more
opportunistic infections or illnesses.
By the time AIDS develops, HIV has often attacked brain
cells, causing difficulty in thinking and remembering.
Lesson 4
Detecting HIV
EIA Test
The first test usually performed is an ELISA, or EIA.
The EIA may give inaccurate results for two reasons:
Developing antibodies takes
time.
Certain health conditions such
as hemophilia, hepatitis, and
pregnancy.
Lesson 4
Detecting HIV
Developing Antibodies Takes Time
Developing antibodies takes weeks or even months after
initial infection.
Before antibodies develop, the EIA may give a false negative
result.
This result means the test is negative, but the person is
positive.
Most people will test positive in three to four weeks, but
some people take up to six months to test positive.
Lesson 4
Detecting HIV
Certain Health Conditions
Health conditions such as hemophilia, hepatitis, and
pregnancy can cause the EIA to give a false positive reading.
This means that although the test was positive, the person
actually does not have the infection.
Lesson 4
Detecting HIV
Western Blot Test
If the EIA test is positive, it can be repeated to make sure
the results are accurate.
If the repeat test is also positive, other confirmation tests,
such as the Western blot (WB) test, will be done.
If done properly, this test is 100 percent accurate.
If the results of all three of these tests are positive, a person
is determined to have HIV.
Lesson 4
The Impact of the Availability of Health Services
Difficulties with Treating HIV
None of the drugs and vaccines being researched cure
HIV/AIDS because HIV infects the very cells that regulate the
immune response.
Several new strains of the virus have emerged since it was
first discovered, making it even harder to develop an
effective treatment.
Some people stop treatment or take medicines only once in a
while due to severe side effects, which can lead to the
development of new, drug-resistant strains of the virus.
Treatment can be costly, exceeding $1,000 a month.
Lesson 4
HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem
Drug-Resistant Strains of HIV
Much of the decrease in AIDS cases results from the success
of drug cocktails—combinations of drugs—that slow the
progression of HIV infection.
This success has brought a false security about the need for
HIV prevention.
However, research has identified new, drug-resistant strains
of HIV.
The combination of drug resistance and high-risk behaviors
could result in HIV strains that are transmitted and spread
even more widely.
Lesson 4
HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem
HIV/AIDS: The Global Picture
At the end of 2002, an estimated 40 million people worldwide
were infected with HIV/AIDS.
This statistic means that HIV is now pandemic.
The number of people living with HIV is growing.
Lesson 4
HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem
Staying Informed About HIV/AIDS
Knowledge is the first defense against infection from HIV.
New research can be found in newspapers and magazines
and on television, radio, and the Internet.
The CDC, state health departments, and community health
services are excellent sources of information.
Teachers, school counselors, and physicians can provide
guidance on how to find information.
Lesson 4
HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem
Abstinence and HIV/AIDS
During your teen years, you may feel pressure to experiment
with new behaviors, such as engaging in sexual activity or
using drugs.
Consider that your actions today can change the entire
course of your life.
Choosing to remain abstinent shows that you are taking an
active role in caring for your own health and acting
responsibly by not jeopardizing the well-being of others.
Lesson 4
HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem
Refusal Skills to Avoid Sexual Activity and Drugs
Avoid situations and events where drug use or the
pressure to engage in sexual activity is likely to
occur.
Be firm when you refuse to take part in drug use or
sexual activity and use body language as well as
words to get your message across.
Avoid forming a dating relationship with someone
whom you know to be sexually active or a drug user.
Lesson 4
Quick Review
Provide a short answer to the question given below.
Q. What is asymptomatic HIV infection?
Click Next to view the answer.
Lesson 4
Quick Review - Answer
A. Asymptomatic HIV infection is a period of time during
which a person infected with HIV has no symptoms.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson 4
Quick Review
Provide a short answer to the question given below.
Q. When is a Western blot test performed?
Click Next to view the answer.
Lesson 4
A.
Quick Review - Answer
If the EIA test is positive, it is repeated to make sure the
results are accurate. If the repeat test is also positive, a
confirmation test, such as the Western blot, is performed.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson 4
Quick Review
Provide a short answer to the question given below.
Q. Explain how technologies such as new drug treatments
have impacted the health status of individuals with HIV
infection as well as people’s attitudes toward the AIDS
epidemic.
Click Next to view the answer.
Lesson 4
Quick Review - Answer
A. New therapies have extended the lives of people with
HIV/AIDS but have caused some to believe that HIV/AIDS
is no longer a threat.
Click Next to attempt another question.
Lesson 4
Quick Review
Analyze the following question.
Why might people in the United States have better access to AIDS
treatment than do people in developing nations?
Lesson 4
Stages of HIV Infection
How HIV Develops
A person is considered infectious immediately after contracting
The asymptomatic
the virus.
stage is a period of
Approximately half of all persons
developwhich
symptoms
such as
time during
a
fever, rash, headache, body person
aches, and
swollen
infected
withglands about
three to six weeks after becoming
infected
with HIV.
HIV has
no symptoms.
These symptoms disappear within a week to a month and the
person enters the asymptomatic stage.
A person may show no signs of illness for 6 months to 10
years or more, though the viruses continue to grow and the
infected person can still transmit the virus to others.
Lesson 4
Stages of HIV Infection
Symptomatic HIV Infection
During the asymptomatic stage, the immune system keeps
pace with HIV infection by producing billions of new cells.
Eventually the numbers of cells in the immune system decline
symptomatic
to the point where other infections start The
to take
over, and this
stage is the stage in
marks the symptomatic stage.
which a person infected
The symptoms may include swollen with
glands,
loss, and
HIVweight
has symptoms
yeast infections.
as a result of a severe
drop in immune cells.
Lesson 4
Detecting HIV
EIA Test
The first test usually performed is an ELISA, or EIA.
The EIA may give inaccurate results for two reasons:
EIA is a test
that screens for
Developing antibodies takes
the presence of
time.
HIV antibodies in
Certain health conditions suchthe blood.
as hemophilia, hepatitis, and
pregnancy.
Lesson 4
Detecting HIV
Western Blot Test
If the EIA test is positive, it can be repeated to make sure
the results are accurate.
If the repeat test is also positive, other confirmation tests,
such as the Western blot (WB) test, will be done.
If done properly, this test is 100 percent accurate.
The Western
blot, or WB, is the
If the results of all three of these tests are positive, a person
most common
is determined to have HIV.
confirmation test for
HIV in the United
States.
Lesson 4
HIV/AIDS—A Continuing Problem
HIV/AIDS: The Global Picture
At the end of 2002, an estimated 40 million people worldwide
were infected with HIV/AIDS.
This statistic means that HIV is now pandemic.
The number of people living with HIV is growing.
Pandemic
refers to a global
outbreak of
infectious
disease.