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Biosecurity for Dairy Producers Angie Dement Extension Associate for Veterinary Medicine Texas AgriLife Extension Service College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M System College Station, TX 77843 http://aevm.tamu.edu What is biosecurity? Best management practices that prevent infectious diseases from being introduced into a herd or flock. Epidemiology of Disease Epidemiology Study of the way disease is distributed in populations and factors that influence or determine the distribution Exposure Immunity Means of Transmission Direct Susceptible animals come into direct or close contact with an infected, contagious animal Indirect Animals come into contact with infected or contaminated animate vectors, inanimate vehicles and environmental fomites Routes of Transmission Aerosol inhalation Oral Reproductive Skin contact Blood Sources Carrier/Reservoir Animals Aerosol Droplets Nasal Fluid Ocular Fluid Saliva Manure Urine Milk Fetal Fluid In-Utero Genital Fluid Blood Carcass Vectors Ticks Flies Mosquitoes Scavengers Vehicles Instruments Needle Ear tagger Tattooer Dehorner Nose tong Knife Utensils Bucket Trough Environment Soil Water Food Exposures Susceptible animals Mouth Nose Eyes Skin Teats Vagina Prepuce Transplacental Venereal Blood Immunity Definition Animal’s ability to resist a disease Types Natural Active Passive Vaccinations Prevent disease Provide antibodies Work with veterinarian Follow label Dosage Storage Needle usage Disease Route of Transmission Common Symptoms Vaccine Treatment Anthrax Oral, aerosol, blood Staggering, trembling, collapse, terminal convulsions, bloody discharge Yes Yes Bovine Brucellosis Oral, reproductive Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves Yes Yes Bovine leukosis Blood, reproductive Enlarged lymph nodes No No Johne's Disease Oral, reproductive Diarrhea, weight loss, bottle jaw No No Bovine Tuberculosis Aerosol Lesions in organs and body cavity, weight loss No No Bovine Viral Diarrhea Oral, reproductive Severe diarrhea, fever, abortions Yes Yes Coronavirus enteritis Oral Dark green to black diarrhea No Yes Cryptosporidiosis Oral Diarrhea No Yes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Aerosol, reproductive Abortions, cough, eye infections, genital infections Yes Yes Leptosporosis Direct, oral, aerosol, reproductive Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves, fevere, decrease in performance Yes Yes Neosporosis Oral, reproductive Abortions Yes No Parainfluenza-3 virus Aerosol Cough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate Yes Yes Rabies Direct Anorexia, hyperexcitability, altered temperment, death Yes No Salmonellosis Oral Diarrhea Yes Yes FEAD Quick Facts http://aevm.tamu.edu Biosecurity Practices for Dairy Producers Disease Risk Assessment Identify diseases and transmission Determine cost benefits General Practices Identify all animals Keep records Provide balanced ration Prevent manure contamination Prevent transmission Bunks Milking Reservoir animals Necropsy dead animals Carcass disposal plans — Allen Roussel Pre-weaned calves Vaccination programs Clean maternal lot Newborn calves Removal 10% body weight Navel health Separate calves Dam Calves Older animals Surface run-off Milk Colostrum Waste-milk — Derry Magee Purchased Animals Quarantine new animals Vaccination program Collect herd history Replacement Heifers Isolate Vaccination program Manure contamination Quarantine returning animals Lactating Cows Equipment Sick animals Established herd vs quarantined/sick Isolate Separate fresh cows Dry Cows Dry cow treatments Teat sealants Vaccinate Not within 2 weeks of calving Separate dry and sick cows Balanced ration Bulls Test bulls Before purchasing Routinely for venereal diseases Vaccination program Semen Importation Purchase from known sources Infectious disease programs Know health history Monitor tanks Product Safety Culture New cow’s Bulk tanks Limited access to storage facilities Alarm systems Sanitize tank Premise Protection Visitors Designated meeting area Limit number of visitors Disinfect Visitors Trailers Vehicles Tires Disposable clothing and shoes Keep identification No physical contact with animals Owners Clothing Disposable shoes Clothes Footbaths Equipment disinfectants Mycotoxin testing Law enforcement Security Lock gates Post signs Random security checks Good perimeter fences Secure facilities Clean storage facilities before restocking Reduce wildlife contact Inventory materials Secure water sources Monitoring system Stranger alert Transportation Disinfectants Wash/disinfect 1 part bleach to 1 part water Trailers Tires Mats Trucks Cleaning crews Clean everything Remove debris Leave disinfectant for 20-30 minutes Dry completely Employees Wash hands Report sick animals Check out keys Safety and security meetings Guidelines for home animals Travel from other countries Foreign Travelers 48 hours Disinfect clothing No contact with cattle If disease is suspected Routine observation Contact veterinarian Report to TAHC Early detection Rapid reporting 1-800-550-8242 Prompt quarantine Rapid response Quick diagnosis Be prepared Emergency contact list Critical premises information Lots Fences Storage facilities Site map Disaster Preparedness Possible natural disasters: Disease outbreaks Floods Fires Hurricanes Tornadoes Winter storms Droughts Possible Human Caused Disasters: Traffic Terrorism & Bioterrorism Power outages Explosions Hazardous material spills AIC Plan Appendix off of local EM plan Determines what should be done before, during and after disaster Works with both livestock and pets/companion animals List everything that must be done, and every person involved. Use the AIC plan only as a guide. Don’t leave out details. Hold regular exercises. Communicate. Keep situation reports and activity logs of past scenarios. What are Foreign Animal Diseases? Disease that is not currently present in the United States Can be zoonotic How can a FAD come into U.S.? Natural Accidental Intentional (bioterrorist act) Foot and Mouth Disease Highly contagious Potential to spread rapidly People not affected Devastating Emotionally Economically Sociologically Susceptible domestic and wild clovenhoofed livestock Cattle Sheep Goats Domestic and feral swine Deer Llamas Transmission Aerosol Mechanical wind people, vehicles, animals Biological movement of infected animals uncooked or undercooked meat products If an outbreak occurs Restrictions Quarantines Eradication Slaughter of animals Proper disposal FMD Outbreak in 2001 in Great Britian Delayed response 10,472 farms depopulated 4 million destroyed to stop disease 2.5 million “humanely” slaughtered Over $13 billion National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum Chapter 1...............................................................Potential Occurrences Chapter 2 ............................................................................Epidemiology Chapter 3 .........................................................Foreign Animal Diseases Chapter 4 ................................Emerging and Endemic Animal Diseases Chapter 5 ................................Biosecurity Best Management Practices Chapter 6 ....................................State Animal Diseases Response Plan Chapter 7 ...................................................................Extension EM Plan Chapter 8 ..............................................................County/Local EM Plan Chapter 9 .....................................Media Relations and Communications Chapter 10 ..........................................................Teaching Effectiveness Chapter 11 ............................................................Curriculum Evaluation Questions?
