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Chronic Inflammation Dr Rezaur Rahman [email protected] Learning objectives for PMDC in Chronic Inflammation Chronic inflammations/ Granulomatous diseases. The systemic effects of acute and chronic inflammation and their possible outcomes. Significance of ESR. Examples of induced hypothermia in medicine. Pathogenesis, clinical features and lab. Diagnosis of Gout. Management of acute and chronic Gout. [email protected] Definition of Chronic Inflammation Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously [email protected] Acute Vs Chronic Inflammation [email protected] Exudate Vs Transudate [email protected] Aetiology: Onset & Causes A. Chronic inflammation from onset (de novo) 1. Persistent infection by certain microorganism 2. Prolonged exposure to toxic/aggressive agent 3. Autoimmunity: RA, SLE, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Chronic gastritis of pernicious anaemia 4. Unknown cause: Sarcoidosis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis B. Chronic inflammation developing from acute inflammation(Acute to Chronic) [email protected] A. Chronic inflammation from onset (de novo) 1. 2. 3. 4. Persistent infection by certain microorganism Prolonged exposure to toxic/aggressive agent Autoimmunity: RA, SLE, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Chronic gastritis of pernicious anaemia Unknown cause: Sarcoidosis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis [email protected] 1.Persistent infection by certain microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium lepri, Treponema pallidum, certain viruses, fungi, parasitelow toxicity, delayed hypersensitivity and granulomatous inflammation Helicobacter pylori- Chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer [email protected] 2.Prolonged exposure to toxic/aggressive agent Aggressive action of acid pepsin in gastric juice causing peptic ulcer Cigarette smoking causing Chronic bronchitis Toxic plasma lipid components- atherosclerosis Talc, suture, other nondegradable material Silica- silicosis of lung [email protected] B. Chronic inflammation developing from acute inflammation(Acute to Chronic) Persistence of injurious agent, eg, organism in abscess Interference in healing process, eg, sequestrum(dead bone) in chronic suppuratve osteomyelitis Drainage is delayed or inadequate, eg, lung abscess Recurrent bouts of acute inflammation, eg, chronic pyelonephritis, chronic cholecystitis, chronic gout. [email protected] Histological types of Chronic Inflammation 1. 2. Specific Chronic Inflammation: histologically distinctive. Granulomatous inflammation is specific inflammation Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation: not histologically distinctive [email protected] Granuloma: Granuloma is a microscopic aggregation of macrophages and epitheloid cells which are modified macrophages, surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leucocyte, principally lymphocyte. Usually giant cells and occasionally plasma cells are present. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Giant cell of Granuloma: Large cell with more than one nucleus. Formed by fusion of macrophages or epitheloid cell. 20 or more small nuclei are present. Types: 1. Langhans’ giant cells- nuclei are arranged in horse-shoe pattern. Found in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis 2. Foreign body giant cells- haphazardly scattered nuclei. Found in foreign body granuloma. 3. Aschoff giant cell- rheumatic lesion 4. Giant cell of ‘Giant cell tumor of bone’- osteoclast type 5. Tuton giant cell- in Xanthoma 6. Giant cell to reaction to sodium urate crystal in gout [email protected] ** Physiological Giant cell- Osteoclast, megakaryocyte etc Malignant giant cell: Found in Anaplastic tumor Hodgkin’s disease: Reed-Stenberg giant cell Choriocarcinoma Poorly differentiated astrocytoma [email protected] Difference between: [email protected] Classification of Granulomatous inflammation 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. Aetiological classification Infectious agent- bacteri, helminth, fungi Physical & chemical agents- exogenous & endogenous Autoantigen: Wegener’s grnulomatosis, Giant cell arteritis Unknown: Sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease Classification on Pathogenesis Immune granuloma Foreign body granuloma Histological classification Non caseating granuloma Caseating granuloma Suppurative granulomatous inflammation Diffuse granulomatous inflammation [email protected] A. Infectious agent 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis- tubercle- noncaseating/hard & caseating/soft Mycobactrium lepri- tuberculoid & lepromatous Treponema pallidum- Gumma Helminth: W. bancrfti A. lumbricoides Schistosoma Fungi: Rhinosporidiosis seeberi Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioido immitis & Histoplasma capsulatum [email protected] Tubercle Vs Gumma [email protected] Immune Vs Non-immune granuloma [email protected] Histological classification: [email protected] Nonspecific chronic Inflammation Chronic inflammatory ulcer- peptic ulcer Chronic suppuratve inflammation- chronic abscess, chronic pyelonephritis, chronic osteomyelitis Chronic fibrinous, serous or serofibrinous inflammation following acute inflammation Chronic catarrhal inflammation- chronic allergic rhinitis Chronic necrotizing inflammation- chronic amoebiasis [email protected] Systemic effects of Acute Inflammation Fever: Leucocytosis, specially neutrophilic leucocytosis- due to stimulation of bone marrow leading to release of immature cells in the circulation(shift to the left) Synthesis of ‘acute phase protein’- liver synthesizes acute phase protein like C reactive protein(CRP), Fibrinogen and Serum Amyloid A(SAA). CRP is a marker of activity and very useful prognostic test for active Rheumatic fever and other conditions where there is increased tissue necrosis like MI. As it is not influenced by other factors, so it is more useful than ESR. Increased Fibrinogen level is responsible for high ESR. SAA is responsible for deposition of amyloid in different tissues Others- lethargy, anorexia, sweating, tachycardia, hypotension, hypoglycaemia leading to shock due to liberation of different cytokines, particularly IL1, TNF. [email protected] Systemic effects of Chronic Inflammation Fever Anaemia Leucocytosis- lympho or monocytosis ESR- elevated Amyloidosis [email protected] [email protected]
