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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Fourth Edition Karen Timberlake Chapter 4 Nuclear Chemistry 4.5 Medical Application Using Radioactivity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures Medical Applications Radioisotopes with short halflives are used in nuclear medicine because they have the same chemistry in the body as the nonradioactive atoms, and give off radiation that exposes a photographic plate (scan), giving an image of an organ. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 Thyroid scan 2 Medical Applications of Common Radioisotopes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 3 Scans with Radioisotopes After a person receives a radioisotope, the radiologist determines the level and location of the radioactivity emitted by the radioisotope, a scanner is used to produce an image of the organ, gamma rays emitted from the radioisotope in the organ can be used to expose a photographic plate providing an image of the organ, and areas of decreased or increased radiation can indicate the presence of a medical problem. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 4 Scans with Radioisotopes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 5 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron Emission Tomography utilizes positron emitters with short half-lives, such as carbon-11, oxygen-15, nitrogen-13, and fluorine-18. utilizes the positron emitter fluorine-18 to study brain function, metabolism and blood flow. 18 9 F O e 18 8 0 1 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 6 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) These PET scans of the brain show a normal brain on the left and a brain affected by Alzheimer’s disease on the right. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a powerful imaging technique that does not involve x-ray radiation. is the least invasive imaging method available. is based on the absorption of energy when the protons in hydrogen atoms are placed in a strong magnetic field. uses short pulses of energy to align the hydrogen protons against the magnetic field. utilizes a scanner to convert the different energies absorbed into an image. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 9 Learning Check Which of the following radioisotopes are likely to be used in nuclear medicine? A. K-40 (half-life – 1.3 x 109 years) B. K-42 (half-life – 12 hours) C. I-131 (half-life – 8 days) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 10 Solution Which of the following radioisotopes are likely to be used in nuclear medicine? Radioisotopes with short half-lives are used in nuclear medicine. B. K-42 (half-life – 12 hours) C. I-131 (half-life – 8 days) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4, Section 5 11