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Medical Terminology A Living Language Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Multimedia Directory Slide 13 Slide 27 Slide 36 Slide 38 Slide 40 Slide 45 Slide 67 Slide 72 Slide 81 Slide 84 Slide 88 Slide 92 Slide 95 Heart Anatomy Animation Heart Chambers Animation Atrial Blood Flow Animation Atrial Contraction Animation Ventricular Contraction Animation Internal Heart Structures Exercise Blood Pressure Animation Cardiac Arrhythmia Video Blood Pressure Measurement Video Angina Pectoris Animation Coronary Artery Disease Animation Heart Attack Video Aneurysm Animation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Multimedia Directory Continued Slide 106 Slide 107 Slide 112 Electrocardiography Video EKG Technician Video Defibrillation Video Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System at a Glance Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System Distribute blood to all areas of body Delivery of needed substances to cells Removal of wastes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System at a Glance Organs of Cardiovascular System Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms angi/o aort/o arteri/o ather/o atri/o cardi/o vessel aorta artery fatty substance atrium heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms coron/o hemangi/o phleb/o sphygm/o steth/o thromb/o heart blood vessel vein pulse chest clot Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms valv/o valvul/o vascul/o vas/o ven/o ventricul/o valve valve blood vessel vessel, duct vein ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System Suffixes –manometer –ole –tension –ule instrument to measure pressure small pressure small Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Also called circulatory system Maintains distribution of blood throughout body Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Is composed of: Heart Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Anatomy Animation Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Systemic Circulation Between heart and cells of body Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pulmonary Circulation Between heart and lungs Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.1 – A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Muscular pump Made up of cardiac muscle fibers Could be called a muscle instead of an organ Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day Each time the muscle contracts: Blood is ejected from heart Pushed throughout body within blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Located in the mediastinum More to left side of chest Directly behind sternum About size of a fist Shaped like upside-down pear Tip of heart at lower edge Called the apex Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.2 – Location of the heart within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Layers: write this down Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium Inner Outer layer Lines heart chambers Smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through heart chambers Middle layer Thick muscle Contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht layer Forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Chambers Divided into four chambers Two atria Two ventricles Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall called the septum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Atria Left and right upper chambers Receiving chambers Blood returns to atria in veins Superior and inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Ventricles Left and right lower chambers Pumping chambers Thick myocardium Blood exits ventricles into arteries Aorta Pulmonary artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating heart chambers, septum, and heart valves. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Chambers Animation Click here to view an animation of the chambers of the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Valves Four valves in heart Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow Found at entrance and exit to ventricles Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating heart chambers, septum, and heart valves. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Tricuspid Valve An atrioventricular valve Between right atrium and ventricle Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium Has 3 leaflets or cusps Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pulmonary Valve A semilunar valve Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Prevents blood in artery from flowing back into ventricle Semilunar – valve looks like half moon Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Mitral Valve An atrioventricular valve Between left atrium and ventricle Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium Also called bicuspid valve - has two cusps Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Aortic Valve A semilunar valve Between left ventricle and aorta Prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.5 – Superior view of heart valves illustrating position, size, and shape of each valve. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called: Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Atrial Blood Flow Animation Click here to view an animation of atrial blood flow. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 2. Right atrium contracts Blood flows through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Atrial Contraction Animation Click here to view an animation of atrial contraction. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 3. Right ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery Carries blood to lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Ventricular Contraction Animation Click here to view an animation of ventricular contraction. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 5. Left atrium contracts Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 6. Left ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta Largest artery in the body Carries blood to all parts of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.6 – The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Internal Heart Structures Exercise Click here to review the internal structures of the heart in a labeling activity. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Systole and Diastole Heart chambers alternate between: Relaxing to fill Contracting to push blood forward Relaxation phase is diastole Contraction phase is systole Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Conduction System of the Heart Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate Therefore, no voluntary control over heart Special heart tissue conducts electrical impulses Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct order Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of the Conduction System 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, is where electrical impulse begins From SA node a wave of electricity travels through atria Causing them to contract, or go into systole Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of the Conduction System 2. Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is stimulated 3. This node transfers stimulation wave to bundle of His Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of the Conduction System 4. Electrical wave travels down bundle branches within interventricular septum 5. Finally, Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated Results in ventricular systole Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.7 – The conduction system of the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.8 – An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessels Pipes that circulate blood through body Three types: Arteries Capillaries Veins Lumen is the channel within blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Arteries Large thick-walled vessels Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict As arteries travel through body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Arteries Carry blood away from heart Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body Coronary arteries supply myocardium Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.10 – The coronary arteries. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.11 – The major arteries of the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Capillaries Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a capillary bed Connecting unit between arteries and veins Arterial blood flows into capillary bed Venous blood flows out of capillary bed Location for: Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Veins Much thinner walls than arteries Much lower pressure system than in arteries Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart Smallest veins are called venules Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Veins Carry blood towards the heart From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of body Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.12 – The major veins of the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels Elasticity of arteries Diameter of blood vessels Viscosity of blood Volume of blood Amount of resistance to blood flow Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure During ventricular systole Blood is under great pressure Gives highest pressure—systolic Top number of blood pressure reading During ventricular diastole Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic Bottom number of blood pressure reading Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure Animation Click here to view an animation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with angi/o – write these down –gram angiogram record of a vessel –itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel –plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel –spasm angiospasm involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel –stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o – write these down –ic aortic pertaining to the aorta –al arterial pertaining to an artery –ole arteriole small artery –rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with ather/o & atri/owrite these down atherectomy surgical removal of fatty substance –oma atheroma fatty substance tumor/growth –al atrial pertaining to the atrium –ectomy inter– –al interatrial Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between the atrium Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with cardi/o – write these down –ac cardiac pertaining to the heart brady– –ia bradycardia state of slow heart electr/o record of heart’s electrocardiogram –gram electricity –megaly cardiomegaly my/o –al myocardial –ologist –rrhexis cardiologist cardiorrhexis tachy– –ia tachycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht enlarged heart pertaining to heart muscle heart specialist ruptured heart state of fast heart Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiac Arrhythmia Video Click here to view a video on tachycardia and bradycardia. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o – write these down –ary coronary pertaining to the heart –itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein –ar vascular pertaining to a blood vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o – write these down –plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve –itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve –ar valvular pertaining to a valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o – write these down –ous venous pertaining to veins –ule venule small vein –gram venogram record of a vein –ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles inter– –ar interventricular Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between ventricles Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary – more writing auscultation cardiology catheter listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary – even more writing infarct area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply ischemia local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction murmur abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when hypotension standing up suddenly Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary – and more palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats plaque yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis regurgitation to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary – and more writing sphygmomanometer stent stethoscope blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen instrument for listening to body sounds Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.13 – Using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure Measurement Video Click here to view a video on the use of a sphygmomanometer. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.14 – A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is removed, leaving the expanded stent behind. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology – remember when you researched these? severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and arrhythmia others are life threatening electrical impulse is blocked from traveling bundle down bundle branches; results in ventricles branch beating at different rate than atria; also block (BBB) called heart block angina pectoris Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Angina Pectoris Animation Click here to view an animation on angina pectoris. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant congenital septal defect (CSD) hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology congestive heart failure (CHF) coronary artery disease (CAD) left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack endocarditis inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.15 – Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Coronary Artery Disease Animation Click here to view an animation about coronary artery disease. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology fibrillation flutter heart valve prolapse heart valve stenosis extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac tetralogy of Fallot combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.16 – External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused by a myocardial infarction. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Attack Video Click here to view a video on the topic of heart attacks. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology aneurysm weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial arteriosclerosis walls; often due to atherosclerosis most common form of arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis lipid plaques form in arterial wall Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.17 – Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta which has ruptured. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Aneurysm Animation Click here to view an animation on aneurysms. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology coarctation of aorta (CoA) severe congenital narrowing of aorta embolus obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.19 – Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology hypertension (HTN) hypotension patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology peripheral abnormal condition affecting any blood vascular vessel outside the heart; symptoms may disease (PVD) include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries Raynaud’s phenomenon periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology thrombophlebitis inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein thrombus blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel varicose veins swollen and distended veins; often in the legs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests – write these down cardiac enzymes serum lipoprotein level blood test determines level of enzymes specific to heart muscle in blood; an increase may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction blood test measures amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging – write these down angiography X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye into blood vessel nuclear medicine scan using radioactive cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining myocardial damage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging – write these down using ultrasound to produce an image of blood flowing through blood Doppler vessels in order to determine ultrasonography velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses use of ultrasound to visualize internal echocardiography cardiac structures; especially valves X-ray of veins; used to identify a venography thrombus Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiac Function Tests – write these down catheter is threaded through blood vessel to heart; detects cardiac abnormalities, collects cardiac catheterization blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart process of recording electrical electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose (ECG, EKG) arrhythmias and myocardial damage Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Electrocardiography Video Click here to view a video on electrocardiography Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. EKG Technician Video Click here to view a video on EKG technicians. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiac Function Tests – write these down Holter monitor stress testing portable ECG monitor worn by patient up to a few days to assess heart activity as person goes through daily activities evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a steadily increasing work load; EKC and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.20 – Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Procedures – write these down procedure to restore cardiac output cardiopulmonary and oxygenate air for person in cardiac resuscitation arrest; uses chest compressions and (CPR) artificial respiration procedure that converts irregular defibrillation heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.21 – An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator paddles on the chest of a supine male patient. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Defibrillation Video Click here to view a video on defibrillation. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Procedures- write this down pacemaker implantation device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker; especially helpful for bradycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.22 – Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the chest and the electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB Trust/Getty Images Inc.–Stone Allstock) Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Procedures thrombolytic therapy use of drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots and restore blood flow Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Surgical Procedures – write this down coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) blood vessel from another location (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Surgical Procedures – write this down heart transplant intracoronary artery stent replacement of a diseased heart with a donor heart placing a stent within a coronary artery; treats coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Surgical Procedures – write these down percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) balloon catheter is inserted through skin into coronary artery; inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel valve replacement removal of diseased valve and replacement with an artificial valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.23 – Balloon angioplasty. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology – write these down anticoagulant antilipidemic prevents blood clot formation reduces blood cholesterol level Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Warfarin, Coumadin Lipitor, Zocor Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology – write these down Betablocker lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Lopressor, Inderal Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology – write these down diuretic increases urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure Lasix thrombolytic dissolves existing blood clot Plavix, Activase Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviationswrite these down AFB atrial fibrillation AMI acute myocardial infarction ASD atrial septal defect arteriosclerotic heart disease AV, A-V atrioventricular BP blood pressure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations – write these down bpm beats per minute CABG coronary artery bypass graft CAD coronary artery disease cath catheterization CCU coronary care unit CHF congestive heart failure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations – write these down CPK creatine phosphokinase CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CV cardiovascular ECG, EKG electrocardiogram Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations – write these down ECHO echocardiogram HTN hypertension ICU intensive care unit IV intravenous Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations – write these down MI myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency mmHg millimeters of mercury MVP mitral valve prolapse Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations – write these down Vfib ventricular fibrillation VSD ventricular septal defect VT ventricular tachycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.