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Medical Terminology
A Living Language
Chapter 5
Cardiovascular System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System



Distribute blood to all areas of body
Delivery of needed substances to cells
Removal of wastes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Organs of Cardiovascular System




Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Combining Forms






angi/o
aort/o
arteri/o
ather/o
atri/o
cardi/o
vessel
aorta
artery
fatty substance
atrium
heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Combining Forms






coron/o
hemangi/o
phleb/o
sphygm/o
steth/o
thromb/o
heart
blood vessel
vein
pulse
chest
clot
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Combining Forms






valv/o
valvul/o
vascul/o
vas/o
ven/o
ventricul/o
valve
valve
blood vessel
vessel, duct
vein
ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular System Suffixes
–manometer
 –ole
 –tension
 –ule

instrument to measure pressure
small
pressure
small
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology

Also called circulatory system
 Maintains distribution of blood throughout body


Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and
amino acids to cells
Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste
products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and
kidneys for elimination
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology

Is composed of:


Heart
Blood vessels




Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Divided into pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Systemic Circulation

Between heart and
cells of body
 Carries oxygenated
blood away from left
side of heart to body
 Carries
deoxygenated blood
from body to right
side of heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pulmonary Circulation

Between heart and
lungs
 Carries
deoxygenated blood
away from right side
of heart to lungs
 Carries oxygenated
blood from lungs to
left side of heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.1 – A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the
pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the
systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart

Muscular pump


Made up of cardiac muscle fibers
Could be called a muscle instead of an organ
Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per
minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day
 Each time the muscle contracts:



Blood is ejected from heart
Pushed throughout body within blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart

Located in the mediastinum


More to left side of chest
Directly behind sternum

About size of a fist
 Shaped like upside-down pear
 Tip of heart at lower edge

Called the apex
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Layers
Endocardium Myocardium
Epicardium
 Inner
 Outer
layer
 Middle layer
 Lines heart
Thick muscle
chambers
 Contraction of
 Smooth, thin
this layer
layer that
develops the
reduces friction
pressure
as the blood
required to
passes through
pump blood
heart chambers through blood
vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
layer
 Forms the
visceral layer of
pericardial sac
 Fluid between
layers of
pericardial sac
reduces friction
as heart beats
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers,
heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Chambers

Divided into four chambers



Two atria
Two ventricles
Heart is divided into right and left sides by a
wall called the septum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Atria

Left and right upper
chambers
 Receiving chambers
 Blood returns to atria
in veins


Superior and
inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ventricles

Left and right lower
chambers
 Pumping chambers


Thick myocardium
Blood exits ventricles
into arteries


Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating
heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Valves

Four valves in heart

Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic

Act as restraining gates to control direction of
blood flow
 Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
 Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by
blocking it from returning to previous chamber
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Tricuspid Valve

An atrioventricular
valve
 Between right atrium
and ventricle


Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
Has 3 leaflets or
cusps
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pulmonary Valve

A semilunar valve
 Between right
ventricle and
pulmonary artery


Prevents blood in
artery from flowing
back into ventricle
Semilunar – valve
looks like half moon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Mitral Valve

An atrioventricular
valve
 Between left atrium
and ventricle


Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
Also called bicuspid
valve - has two
cusps
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Aortic Valve

A semilunar valve
 Between left
ventricle and aorta

Prevents blood in
aorta from flowing
back into ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.5 – Superior view of heart valves illustrating
position, size, and shape of each valve.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
1. Deoxygenated blood
from body enters
relaxed right atrium
via two large veins
called:


Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
2. Right atrium
contracts

Blood flows through
tricuspid valve into
relaxed right ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
3. Right ventricle
contracts


Blood is pumped
through pulmonary
valve into pulmonary
artery
Carries blood to
lungs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
4. Relaxed left atrium
receives blood that
has been
oxygenated by lungs

Blood enters left
atrium from the four
pulmonary veins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
5. Left atrium contracts

Blood flows through
mitral valve into
relaxed left ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
6. Left ventricle
contracts



Blood is pumped
through the aortic
valve and into aorta
Largest artery in the
body
Carries blood to all
parts of body
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.6 – The path of blood flow through the
chambers of the left and right side of the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Systole and Diastole

Heart chambers alternate between:


Relaxing to fill
Contracting to push blood forward

Relaxation phase is diastole
 Contraction phase is systole
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Conduction System of the Heart

Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate


Therefore, no voluntary control over heart
Special heart tissue conducts electrical
impulses

Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct
order
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of the Conduction System
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node,
or pacemaker, is
where electrical
impulse begins


From SA node a wave
of electricity travels
through atria
Causing them to
contract, or go into
systole
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of the Conduction System
2. Next, atrioventricular
node (AV) is
stimulated
3. This node transfers
stimulation wave to
bundle of His
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Path of the Conduction System
4. Electrical wave travels
down bundle
branches within
interventricular
septum
5. Finally, Purkinje
fibers in ventricular
myocardium are
stimulated

Results in ventricular
systole
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.7 – The conduction system of the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.8 – An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Vessels

Pipes that circulate blood through body
 Three types:




Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Lumen is the channel within blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Arteries

Large thick-walled vessels
 Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or
constrict
 As arteries travel through body they branch
into progressively smaller vessels called
arterioles
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Arteries

Carry blood away from heart




Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body
Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to
lungs
Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
Coronary arteries supply myocardium
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.10 – The coronary arteries.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.11 – The major arteries of the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Capillaries

Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels
called a capillary bed
 Connecting unit between arteries and veins



Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
Location for:


Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Veins

Much thinner walls than arteries
 Much lower pressure system than in arteries



Have valves to insure blood flows only towards
heart
Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood
return to heart
Smallest veins are called venules
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Veins

Carry blood towards the heart



From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of
body
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
lungs
Superior and inferior vena cava carry
deoxygenated blood from body
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.12 – The major veins of the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Pressure

Measurement of force exerted by blood
against walls of a vessel
 May be affected by several characteristics of
blood and blood vessels





Elasticity of arteries
Diameter of blood vessels
Viscosity of blood
Volume of blood
Amount of resistance to blood flow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Pressure

During ventricular systole




Blood is under great pressure
Gives highest pressure—systolic
Top number of blood pressure reading
During ventricular diastole



Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all
Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic
Bottom number of blood pressure reading
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with angi/o
–gram
angiogram
record of a vessel
–itis
angiitis
inflammation of a vessel
–plasty
angioplasty
surgical repair of vessel
–spasm
angiospasm
involuntary muscle
contraction in a vessel
–stenosis
angiostenosis
narrowing of a vessel
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o
–ic
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
–al
arterial
pertaining to an artery
–ole
arteriole
small artery
–rrhexis
arteriorrhexis
ruptured artery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with ather/o & atri/o
atherectomy
surgical removal of fatty
substance
–oma
atheroma
fatty substance
tumor/growth
–al
atrial
pertaining to the atrium
–ectomy
inter– –al interatrial
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
pertaining to between the
atrium
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with cardi/o
–ac
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
brady– –ia bradycardia
state of slow heart
electr/o
record of heart’s
electrocardiogram
–gram
electricity
–megaly
cardiomegaly
my/o –al
myocardial
–ologist
–rrhexis
cardiologist
cardiorrhexis
tachy– –ia tachycardia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
enlarged heart
pertaining to heart
muscle
heart specialist
ruptured heart
state of fast heart
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Word Building with coron/o,
phleb/o, and vascul/o
–ary
coronary
pertaining to the heart
–itis
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
–ar
vascular
pertaining to a blood
vessel
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o
–plasty
valvoplasty
surgical repair of valve
–itis
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve
–ar
valvular
pertaining to a valve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o
–ous
venous
pertaining to veins
–ule
venule
small vein
–gram
venogram
record of a vein
–ar
ventricular
pertaining to ventricles
inter– –ar interventricular
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
pertaining to between
ventricles
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Cardiovascular Vocabulary
auscultation
cardiology
catheter
listening to sounds within body using a
stethoscope
branch of medicine for diagnosis and
treatment of cardiovascular disease;
physician is a cardiologist
flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids
into or out of body; may be used to place
dye into a vein to view blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Vocabulary
infarct
area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood
supply
ischemia
local and temporary deficiency of blood
supply due to a circulatory obstruction
murmur
abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing
sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit
orthostatic
sudden drop in blood pressure when
hypotension standing up suddenly
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Vocabulary
palpitations
pounding, racing heartbeats
plaque
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery;
hallmark of atherosclerosis
regurgitation
to flow backwards; in CV system refers to
backflow of blood through a valve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Vocabulary
sphygmomanometer
stent
stethoscope
blood pressure cuff; measures
blood pressure
stainless steel tube placed within
blood vessel to widen the lumen
instrument for listening to body
sounds
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Pathology
severe pain and sensation of constriction
around heart; caused by myocardial
ischemia
irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and
arrhythmia
others are life threatening
electrical impulse is blocked from traveling
bundle
down bundle branches; results in ventricles
branch
beating at different rate than atria; also
block (BBB)
called heart block
angina
pectoris
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Pathology
cardiac arrest
complete stopping of heart activity
myocardial disease; may be caused by
viral infection, congestive heart failure,
cardiomyopathy
or alcoholism; common reason for heart
transplant
congenital
septal defect
(CSD)
hole, present at birth, in heart septum;
allows mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Pathology
congestive
heart failure
(CHF)
coronary
artery disease
(CAD)
endocarditis
left ventricle muscle is too weak to
efficiently pump blood; results in
weakness, breathlessness, & edema
poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
obstruction of coronary arteries; may
cause angina pectoris and heart attack
inflammation of lining membranes of
heart; if cause is bacterial may have a
bacterial colony form, called vegetation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Pathology
fibrillation
flutter
heart valve
prolapse
heart valve
stenosis
extremely serious arrhythmia characterized
by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest
and death can occur
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly,
but in a regular pattern
cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;
allowing regurgitation
cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;
allowing regurgitation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Pathology
myocardial
occlusion of coronary artery; results in a
infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardial sac
tetralogy of
Fallot
combination of four congenital
anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
interventricular septal defect, improper
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Vessel Pathology
aneurysm
weakness and ballooning of arterial
wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial
arteriosclerosis
walls; often due to atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis;
atherosclerosis
lipid plaques form in arterial wall
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that
progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a
thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Vessel Pathology
coarctation of
aorta (CoA)
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
embolus
obstruction of blood vessel by blood
clot that has broken off from a
thrombus in another site
hemorrhoid
varicose veins in anal region
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Vessel Pathology
hypertension
(HTN)
hypotension
patent ductus
arteriosus
(PDA)
high blood pressure; essential or
primary hypertension is due to CV
disease; secondary hypertension results
from another disease
decrease in blood pressure; may be due
to shock or anemia
congenital heart anomaly where fetal
connection between pulmonary artery
and aorta fails to close at birth
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Vessel Pathology
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein resulting in blood
clots within a vein
thrombus
blood clot within a blood vessel; may
partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
varicose veins
swollen and distended veins; often in
the legs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Clinical Laboratory Tests
cardiac
enzymes
serum
lipoprotein
level
blood test determines level of enzymes
specific to heart muscle in blood; an
increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
blood test measures amount of cholesterol
and triglycerides in blood; indicator of
atherosclerosis risk
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic Imaging
angiography
X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye
into blood vessel
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive
cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic Imaging
using ultrasound to produce an
image of blood flowing through blood
Doppler
vessels in order to determine
ultrasonography
velocity; indicates blood clots or deep
vein thromboses
use of ultrasound to visualize internal
echocardiography
cardiac structures; especially valves
X-ray of veins; used to identify a
venography
thrombus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiac Function Tests
catheter is threaded through blood
vessel to heart; detects
cardiac
abnormalities, collects cardiac
catheterization
blood samples, and determines
blood pressure inside heart
process of recording electrical
electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose
(ECG, EKG)
arrhythmias and myocardial
damage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiac Function Tests
Holter
monitor
stress
testing
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up
to a few days to assess heart activity as
person goes through daily activities
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient
exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
steadily increasing work load; EKC and
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Procedures
procedure to restore cardiac output
cardiopulmonary
and oxygenate air for person in cardiac
resuscitation
arrest; uses chest compressions and
(CPR)
artificial respiration
procedure that converts irregular
defibrillation
heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using
an electric shock
extracorporeal
routing blood to a heart-lung machine
circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Procedures
implantable
cardioverterdefibrillator
pacemaker
implantation
device implanted into the heart to
deliver an electric shock to restore
normal heart rhythm; especially helpful
for ventricular fibrillation
device implanted into the heart to
substitute for the natural pacemaker;
especially helpful for bradycardia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
ACE inhibitor
drugs
produce vasodilation to
decrease blood pressure
Lotensin,
Capoten
reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor,
antiarrhythmic
arrhythmias
Corvert
anticoagulant
prevents blood clot
formation
Warfarin,
Coumadin
antilipidemic
reduces blood cholesterol
level
Lipitor,
Zocor
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
lowers heart rate to treat
hypertension and angina
pectoris
decreases force of heart beat to
Calcium
treat hypertension, angina
channel
pectoris, and congestive heart
blocker
failure
increases force of heart
cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive
heart failure
Betablocker
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Lopressor,
Inderal
Cardizem,
Procardia
Lanoxin
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
diuretic
increases urine
production to reduce
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
Lasix
thrombolytic
dissolves existing
blood clot
Plavix, Activase
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
contracts smooth muscle in
vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise
blood pressure
relaxes smooth muscle in
wall of blood vessel to
vasodilator
reduce blood pressure and
increase blood flow to
ischemic area
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Aramine
Nitro-Dur,
Vasodilan
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.