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Circulatory System Health Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) • Detects the heart’s electrical activity through electrodes attached to the skin. • Graphically represents the various parts of an individual’s cardiac cycle. The Cardiac Cycle • P wave: reflects atrial contraction. • QRS complex: reflects ventricular contraction. • T wave: reflects ventricular relaxation. Blood Pressure • The pressure exerted on the arterial walls. • The elastic property of vessels allows for continuous blood flow throughout the circulatory system. • The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure. Blood Pressure • Highest pressure in aorta. • Blood pressure and velocity both decline as blood enters the arterioles. • The drop in pressure results from the resistance (friction) to blood flow. • Low blood pressure – reduces the body’s capacity to transport blood. • High blood pressure – can weaken and rupture the arterial walls. Blood Pressure Blood Pressure • Normal, healthy human blood pressure ranges between 100 – 140 mm Hg for Systolic pressure and between 70 – 90 mm Hg for Diastolic pressure. • On average, normal, healthy human blood pressure (bp) is 120/80. • Taking one’s blood pressure can be a way to detect signs of heart problems. Hypertension • Hypertension is High Blood Pressure. • Diagnosed when high bp stays above 140/90 for a prolonged period. • Can be caused by many factors, most of which are controllable. • Can cause coronary heart disease (stroke, heart attack, etc.) Hypertension Relief What’s needed? • Decrease cardiac output and lower pressure in arterioles, which can be accomplished by: – Improved nutrition – Regular exercise – Medication • Lowering blood pressure will help return restore homeostasis in the body. Hypertension Medications Vasodilators • Widen blood vessels so that there is less pressure and resistance in them. Diuretics • Cause body to increase urination, which reduces body fluid. • Less body fluid means less fluid to create pressure, so blood pressure decreases. Hypotension • Hypertension is Low Blood Pressure. • Diagnosed when high bp stays below 90/60 for a prolonged period. • Low blood pressure, with no symptoms, is not considered unhealthy. Symptoms: - lightheadedness, dizziness, fainting - confusion, fatigue, thirst Possible causes: - medications, hormone imbalance, shock • Could also lead to coronary heart disease (stroke, heart attack, etc.) Atherosclerosis • Caused by build up of plaque along the walls of blood vessels. • Plaque is an accumulation of cholesterol and lipids (you are what you eat!) • Interrupts blood flow. • Reduces O2 and nutrients getting to tissues further away. • Can form clots that block blood flow in vessels altogether. • Can lead to heart attack or stroke. • Coronary arteries are particularly susceptible. Heart Attack • A clot completely blocks a coronary artery, causing death to some cardiac muscle cells. • Heart is weakened and unable to pump as efficiently. Associated symptoms: – fatigue – dizziness or light-headedness – indigestion • Scar tissue where damage was located may continue to interfere with coronary circulation, preventing other areas of the heart from receiving enough O2, and increasing the risk of another heart attack. Heart Attack Risk Factors: • Age • Smoking* • Poor diet (poor nutrition)* • Obesity* • Lack of exercise* • Family history of heart disease • Stress* • Diabetes* * can be controlled Stroke • A result of a damaged blood vessel (usually one supplying blood to the brain). Hemorrhagic: Blood vessel bursts due to high pressure in the vessel and hemorrhage (internal bleeding) occurs in the brain. Ischemic: A clot in a blood vessel prevents the blood supply (and thus, O2) from reaching the brain, and brain tissue dies. Stroke Symptoms • Can vary depending on which vessel is affected. • Typically experienced on the opposite side of the body from the affected side of the brain. • Sometimes symptoms are reversible, sometimes they are permanent. Common symptoms (warning signs) include: – – – – – Sudden weakness or numbness Sudden severe headache Sudden dizziness or loss of balance Sudden vision problems Slurred speech or comprehension difficulty, confusion Affects of Nicotine • Stimulant substance in tobacco and very addictive. • Effects include a rise in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. • Combined with tar and carbon monoxide in cigarettes, nicotine poses serious health risks for heart disease, in addition to lung cancer. Smoking & Arteries Technologies in Diagnosing • Medical research and advances in technology have established various methods for detecting and diagnosing coronary heart disease. Exercise Stress Test – Individual walks or runs on a treadmill, which increases in speed and incline. – ECG readings, blood pressure, and physical symptoms (e.g., shortness of breath or angina) are monitored. Nuclear Medicine – Radioactive thallium201 is injected during a stress test and pattern of radioactive decay in coronary arteries is examined. Technologies in Diagnosing Cardiac Catheterization – A catheter is inserted in femoral artery and guided through arterial system into coronary arteries of heart. – Dye is injected, which fills coronary arteries. – An angiogram (special X-ray) is taken of blood vessels that can reveal location of blockages. Cardiac Surgery Angioplasty • A small balloon is inserted through cardiac catheter. • Balloon is inflated to help dilate the coronary arteries. Bypass Surgery • A portion of vein (often from the leg) is used to create a shunt (alternate pathway) between sections of coronary arteries to allow circulation to bypass an arterial blockage. Exercise for Heart • Exercising muscles increases rate of cellular respiration – produces more CO2 and lactic acid. • Blood pH becomes more acidic, causing blood vessels to dilate, while stimulating deeper breathing to replenish O2 in the blood. • Heart rate increases, so oxygenated blood is pumped more efficiently throughout body. • Regular exercise increases body’s capacity to utilize oxygen (e.g., 10% more in athletes). Benefits of Regular Exercise • Reduces risk of developing heart disease. • Strengthens heart, lungs, and bones. • Muscles become toned giving more shape to the body. • Diabetes can be significantly controlled, as exercise helps maintain blood sugar levels. • Additional benefits include: improved concentration and memory, and a reduction in stress levels. Heart & Stroke Foundation