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Ch. 23 Circulation & Respiration Section 1: The Cardiovascular System Objectives: • List four main parts of the cardiovascular system, and describe their functions. • Describe the two types of circulation of blood in the body. • List four cardiovascular problems. Cardiovascular system components: Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Heart 4 Chambers: right atria left atria right ventricle left ventricle valves-separate chambers aorta – major artery vena cava – major vein pulmonary artery and vein 3 Types of Blood Vessels: 1. Artery 2. Capillary 3. Vein Arteries • Arteries Always carry blood Away from the heart • Thick walls to support pressure from heart pumping • Usually bright red due to highly oxygenated blood • Aorta – major artery supplying body’s blood • Coronary artery – supplies heart’s blood • Carotid artery – supplies brain’s blood • Pulmonary artery – supplies lung’s blood (low O2 – darker) Capillaries • Smallest of all blood vessels – single file • Where the diffusion of gases and other molecules takes place (things entering and leaving your blood) • No cell in your body is more than 3 or 4 cells away from a capillary Veins • Always take blood towards the heart • Thinner than arteries • Darker color due to less oxygenated blood • Vena Cava – major vein returning body’s blood • Jugular vein – vein returning brain’s blood • Pulmonary vein – returning lung’s blood (high O2 – bright) 2 Types of Circulation (Blood Flow) • Pulmonary Circulation – heart to lungs and back • Systemic Circulation – heart to rest of body and back Cardiovascular Problems Atherosclerosis • When cholesterol builds up in the walls of blood vessels and restricts blood flow High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) • Stroke – when a blood vessel in the brain becomes clogged or ruptures part of the brain receives no oxygen brain cells die. Cardiovascular Problems Heart Attack / Heart Failure • Heart attack - when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart is damaged. Too many cells dying could cause the heart to stop. (cardiac arrest) • Heart failure – not enough blood being pumped to the body. Important organs may suffer or stop working. Section 2: Blood Objectives: • Identify the four main components of blood. • Describe three functions of blood. • Explain how blood pressure is measured. • Explain what the ABO blood types are and why they are important. Blood 3 Functions: • Transport sends nutrients and oxygen throughout your body 55% Plasma – mostly water 44% RBC • Immunity protects your body against antigens • Healing clots to stop bleeding after a cut or bruise 1% WBC and platelets Plasma • Liquid • Mostly water • Functions: – Transport – Carries hormones and wastes – Makes up 55% of the blood Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) • Most numerous • Formed in the bone marrow • Functions: – Carries oxygen and nutrients to body and waste back – Filled with the protein hemoglobin, which contains iron (makes your blood red, like rust) Platelets • Small pieces of cells from bone marrow • Functions: – Healing – Collect around cuts and produce fibrin to make a net to stop bleeding White Blood Cells (leukocytes) • Larger than RBC’s • Immunity • Functions: – Fight off invading organisms (pathogens) – Release antibodies to help identify pathogens – Destroy damaged/infected cells Body Temperature Regulation • The brain signals blood vessels in your skin to enlarge excess heat is transferred from your blood to your skin body temperature decreases Blood Pressure • Every time your heart beats, it pushes blood out of the heart and into your arteries. • The force exerted by blood on the inside walls of arteries is called blood pressure. Blood Types • Every person has one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Your blood type refers to the type of antigens you have on the surface of your RBCs. • Antigens – the markers that identify what kind of blood you have. • Antibodies – the markers that look for foreign blood types to attack. • Transfusion – replacing your blood with someone else’s due to blood loss during surgery or an injury. Blood Type Can receive Can donate to A A, O A, AB B B, O B, AB AB all AB only O O all Section 3: The Lymphatic System Objectives: • Describe the relationship between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system. • Identify six parts of the lymphatic system, and describe their functions. Lymphatic System • Like another circulatory system • Group of tissues and organs that collects excess fluid and returns it to your blood • Helps fight pathogens • Lymph capillaries – absorb fluid and small particles (dead cells/pathogens) near cells • Lymphatic vessels carry this lymph back towards your neck where it drains into veins of the cardiovascular system Other Parts of the Lymphatic System • Bone Marrow – where most red and white blood cells are produced • Lymph nodes – small bean shaped masses of tissue that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph – Lymphocytes are types of WBC’s that fill lymph nodes and attack pathogens • Lymph nodes get swollen when you have an infection. Why??? • Thymus – gland that makes T cells ready to fight • Spleen – soft and spongy organ that – produces lymphocytes – recycles old/damaged RBC’s • Tonsils – tissue that stores WBC’s and fights infections Section 4: The Respiratory System Objectives: • Describe the parts of respiratory system and their functions. • Explain how breathing happens. • Discuss the relationship between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. • Identify two respiratory disorders. Respiration vs. Breathing • Breathing and respiration are not the same thing. Breathing is only one part of respiration. • Respiration = breathing + cellular respiration • Breathing - inhaling and exhaling • Cellular respiration involves chemical reactions that release energy from food. The Respiratory System • Consists of the group of organs that take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide: – – – – Nose Throat (pharynx) Lungs Passageways that lead to the lungs • Nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli lungs vocal cords pharynx (throat) trachea (windpipe) lung larynx bronchus bronchiole diaphragm alveoli Gas Exchange Breathing diaphragm Respiratory Disorders • Asthma-causes the bronchioles to narrow; causes difficulty breathing; an asthma attack may be set off by irritants like dust or pollen • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) – caused by a virus; may cause fever and difficulty breathing • Emphysema-caused by damaged alveoli