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TASER® Non-Lethal Weapons: Safety Data & Field Results Rick W. Smith, Co-Founder How Ice Cream Causes Shark Attacks in South Carolina Risk of Shark Attack (PPM) 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 R2 = 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 <1 1-2 2-3 Consumption (Cones per Week) >3 1995 ACLU Report: 26 Pepper Spray Related Deaths in CA alone in 2.5 yrs “The fatality total suggests that one person dies after being pepper sprayed for about every 600 times the spray is used by police.” (Similar calculation for TASER is 1:1,000) June 3, 2005 In-Custody Deaths • In several autopsies the TASER has been listed as a possible contributing factor in a death – These cases are disputed by independent medical experts – TASER is generally listed with other factors that, alone, could explain death – Example of cited cause of death: • “ACUTE METHAMPHETAMINE INTOXICATION WITH ASSOCIATED (PROBABLE) CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA WHILE ENGAGED IN PHYSICAL STRUGGLE WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS INVOLVING ‘TASER GUN’, ‘PEPPER SPRAY’, AND RESTRAINTS.” First Medical Examiner to Find TASER Primary Cause of Death • Feb 10, 2005, subject Ronald Hasse Tasered by the Chicago Police Department. • Autopsy found Hasse’s system contained .55 micrograms of methamphetamine per milliliter of blood: 10% above lethal level. What Really Happened? • Hasse tried to kick and bite officers and threatened to infect paramedics with HIV. • A 5 second TASER hit dropped Hasse. • Immediately after he got right back up. – Not feeling any pain. • This time they need a 57 second therapy until they are able to get handcuffs on. • Hasse then climbed into the stair-chair. • Paramedics verify normal pulse and respiration. • Hasse wheeled to elevator. • Collapsed on floor level Total Deaths 2000-2005 167 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 27 40 20 3 0 Alleged TASER Can't be Ruled Primary Cause Out* * Arizona Republic, Jan. 2006 TASER Used* Total Deaths 2000-2005 600 600 500 400 300 167 200 100 3 27 0 Alleged Can't be Ruled TASER Used* Pepper Spray TASER Out* Comp Data Primary Cause from CA** * Arizona Republic, Jan. 2006 ** 1993 ACLU So CA Report, Prorated to National Rate Over 6 Years Total Deaths 2000-2005 6,000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 600 1000 3 27 167 0 Alleged Can't be Ruled TASER Used* Pepper Spray TASER Out* Comp Data Primary Cause from CA** Total InCustody Deaths*** * Arizona Republic, Jan. 2006 ** 1995 ACLU So CA Report, Prorated to National Rate Over 6 Years *** Source: Citizen Down Total Deaths 2000-2005 114,000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 167 27 3 600 6,000 0 Alleged TASER Primary Cause Can't be Ruled Out* TASER Used* Pepper Spray Total In-Custody Comp Data from Deaths*** CA** * Arizona Republic, Jan. 2006 ** 1995 ACLU So CA Report, Prorated to National Rate Over 6 Years *** Source: Citizen Down **** Based on 1999 CDC Drug Death Data Total Drug Related Deaths**** Risk vs. Benefit 9,000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 900 2000 1000 3 27 167 0 Alleged TASER Can't be Ruled Primary Cause Out* * Arizona Republic, Jan. 2006 ** Saves at www.TASER.com TASER Used* Documented "Saves" Estimated "Saves" Cumulative Uses 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 X uses cumulative M uses cumulative 200,000 100,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Quarter from Q1-00 to Q2-06 Dozens of Medical and Field Studies are Completed • • • • • • • • • • US Dept of Defense UK Home Office Canadian Police Research Centre Alfred Hospital, Australia Potomac Policy Institute Journal of Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology (PACE) Orange County Task Force Cincinnati Police Department Madison, WI Police University of San Diego 15,000 Documented Volunteers (100,000 + Estimated) Recent Sample of Pre-Existing Conditions: • 66 subjects • Age 40.3 + 6.8 (Range 29 to 55) • 5 (7.6%) history of hypertension • One reported hyperlipidemia • One previous myocardial infarction • One triple coronary artery bypass graft • One coronary artery disease • One congestive heart failure • One transient ischemic attack • One insulin dependent diabetes. • 8 (12.1%) reported a family history of coronary artery disease. 9,000+ Documented Field Uses (100,000 + Estimated) Defence Scientific and Technology Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, UK • Predicted M26 and X26 TASER currents failed to product VEB’s or VF even when applied to the heart’s most vulnerable point • Simulated M26 and X26 waveforms failed to evoke VF – No VF with current densities >70 fold (M26) and >240 fold (X26) the current density modedled at human heart Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology (PACE) • Peer reviewed study used adult pigs chosen to simulate range of adult human body weights between 30 and 120 kg (66 lbs. and 264 lbs.) • Results suggest a safety index > 20:1 for human adults > 45 kg (100 lbs.) – Tylenol® (Acetaminophen) has an 8:1 safety margin – This study did not address the safety index as it relates to individuals with arrhythmias, pacemakers, or implantable cardiac defibrillators How About Cocaine? • Cocaine does stimulate the heart to beat harder. • But, actually reduces the sensitivity to electrocution. • Early animal studies show that it takes 51% MORE current to fibrillate with cocaine present. • Cleveland Clinic Study • Cocaine increased TASER safety margin by 50100% Tisdale JE, Shimoyama H, Sabbah HN, Webb CR.The effect of cocaine on Ventricular fibrillation threshold in the normal canine heart. Pharmacotherapy. 1996 May-Jun;16(3):429-37. Lakkireddy DR, Wallick D, Ryschon K, Chung MK, Butany J, Martin D, Saliba W, Kowalewski W, Natale A, Tchou PJ. Effects of Cocaine Intoxication on the Threshold for Stun Gun Induction of Ventricular Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:805–11. Breathing Results • J.R. Jauchem et al. / Forensic Science International – Anesthetized pigs did not breathe during TASER applications • Human Study of 67 Human Volunteers (Pub Pending) – 15 second duration hits – Breathing did not decrease (0 cases of respiratory arrest) Breathing Testing Are TASER Devices Risk Free? No. Impact Projectile Injuries Impact Projectile Injuries Baton Injuries TASER™ Injuries Risk vs. Benefit Real World TASER Program Results Dept Cincinnati PD Austin PD Officer Injuries Suspect Injuries 70% 53% 40% 80% 67% 24% Phoenix PD Columbus PD Orange County SO Charlotte-Mecklenburg Cape Coral PD Topeka PD Omaha 23% 80% 59% 83% 46% 18% Lethal Force Force Complaints 50% 32% 54% 14 “saves” 25% 78% 79 19 “saves” 40% 46% Miami and Seattle: Over 12 Months without a Lethal Force Shooting “Police Shot Him, But ACLU Killed Him, Group Says” -By Susan Jones CNSNews.com Senior Editor February 17, 2006 •Police in Antioch, Calif., shot and killed a man this week when he allegedly advanced on them with a carving knife and a meat fork. •Although the Antioch police department has TASERs, police officials apparently have suspended their use because of legal and political concerns. MICHIGAN MUNICIPAL RISK MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY TASER Program MMRMA represents 151 law enforcement agencies in Michigan Total of 6,346 officers are employed by those agencies REDUCTION IN EXCESSIVE FORCE CLAIMS 2005 (through Nov. 30 2005) 2000 compared to 2005 2001 compared to 2005 2002 compared to 2005 2003 compared to 2005 2004 through 11/30/05 75% reduction 63% reduction 76% reduction 76% reduction 62% reduction FACT IS: With Over 220,000 TASERS in Use by Law Enforcement, It’s Astounding How FEW cases of Abuse Have Been Reported Weapon Management • AFID ID Tags – 20-40 fired with each cartridge – Allows tracking of which officer discharged weapon Accountability Download: X26 Discharge M26 in stun mode prior to download to confirm current time as relative point of reference TASER™ Cam Audio Visual Accountability 2nd Qtr 2006 What you can do to minimize risk of In-Custody Death • Consider policies to deploy medical personnel with police on calls involving persons with symptoms of excited delirium: – Public Nudity / Profuse Sweating – Irrationality / Attacking Inanimate Objects • Institute for Prevention of In-Custody Death Website: IPICD.com – In-Custody Death Conferece: Nov 16-17 What you can do in event of In Custody Death • Educate Medical Examiners to Obtain and Freeze Brain Samples within 12 Hours – 1-800-UM-BRAIN • Obtain hair samples for record of chronic drug abuse • ALSO: Track TASER results like MMRMA What TASER Can Do to Assist in Litigation Defense • Share Strategy / Expertise – Full Time Litigation Team • Share Expert Witnesses (30+) • Provide draft pleadings, motions, discovery responses – 100’s of TASER and general ICD studies • CONTACT: [email protected] Questions or Comments? FOR MMRMA: Mike Bertha Office – 734.245.7764 Cell – 734.216.9789 email – [email protected] Legal Support: [email protected] Cardiac Safety: [email protected] Me: [email protected] Institute for Prevention of In-Custody Death: www.IPICD.com