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Chapter 7 Radical Functions and Rational Exponents In this chapter, you will … You will extend your knowledge of roots to include cube roots, fourth roots, fifth roots, and so on. You will learn to add, subtract, multiply, and divide radical expressions, including binomial radical expressions. You will solve radical equations, and graph translations of radical functions and their inverses. 7-1/7.2 Roots and Radical Expressions What you’ll learn … To simplify nth roots A radical sign is used to indicate a root. The number under the radical sign is the radicand. The index gives the degree of the root. radical sign Example 2 Finding Roots Find each real number root. √16 4 √81 √12 Example 2 Finding Roots Find each real number root. 3 √-27 √64 3 4 √-16 Example 3a Simplifying Radical Expressions Simplify each radical expression. √4x6 3 3 6 √a b 4 √x4y8 Example 3b Simplifying Radical Expressions Simplify each radical expression. √4x2y4 3 6 √-27c 4 √x8y12 To multiply radicals consider the following: √16 * √9 = 4 *3 =12 and √16 *9 = √144 = 12 Property n Multiplying Radical Expressions n If √a and √b are real numbers, n n n then √a * √b = √ab. Example 1a Multiplying Radicals Multiply. Simplify if possible. √3 * √12 3 √3 * √-9 4 4 * √4 3 √ -4 Example 2 Simplifying Radical Expressions Simplify each expressions. Assume that all variables are positive. • √50x4 3 • √18x4 • 3√7x3 * 2√21x3y2 Example 3 Multiplying Radical Expressions Multiply and simplify. • 3√7x3 3 * 2√21x3y2 3 2 3 * • √54x y √5x3y4 To divide radicals consider the following: √36 = 6 and 36 = (6)2 = √36 √25 5 25 (5)2 √25 Property n Dividing Radical Expressions n If √a and √b are real numbers, n then √a a = n n √b b Example 4 Dividing Radicals Multiply. Simplify if possible. √243 √12x4 √27 √3x √1024x15 √4x To rationalize a denominator of an expression, rewrite it so there are no radicals in any denominator and no denominators in any radical. Example 5 Rationalizing the Denominator Rationalize the denominator of each expression. 7 5 √2x3 √10xy √4 √6x 7-3 Binomial Radical Expressions What you’ll learn … To add and subtract radical expressions To multiply and divide binomial radical expressions Like radicals are radical expressions that have the same index and the same radicand. Example 1 Adding and Subtracting Radical Expressions 3 3 5√x -3√x 4 √ xy + 5 √ xy 4√2 -5√3 7 √ 5 - 2 √5 2√7 +3√7 4 3 Example 2 Simplifying Before Adding or Subtracting 6 √ 18 + 4 √ 8 - 3√ 72 √ 50 + 3 √ 32 - 5 √ 18 Example 4 Multiplying Binomial Radical Expressions (3 + 2√ 5 ) ( 2 + 4 √ 5 ) (√ 2 - √ 5 ) 2 Example 5 Multiplying Conjugates (2 + √ 3 ) ( 2 - √ 3 ) (√ 2 - √ 5 ) (√ 2 + √ 5 ) Example 6 Rationalizing a Binomial Radical Denominator 3 + √5 1 - √5 6 + √15 4 - √15 7-4 Rational Exponents What you’ll learn … To simplify expressions with rational exponents Another way to write a radical expression is to use a rational (fractional) exponent. √25 = 25½ 3 Like the radical form, the exponent form always indicates the principal root. √27 = 27⅓ 4 √16 = 161/4 Example 1 Simplifying Expressions with Rational Exponents 1251/3 P/R = power/root 5½ r √x p ( √x )p r 2½ * 2½ 2½ * 8½ A rational exponent may have a numerator other than 1. The property (am)n = amn shows how to rewrite an expression with an exponent that is an improper fraction. Example 253/2 = 25(3*1/2) = (253)½ = √253 Example 2 Converting to and from Radical Form x3/5 y -2.5 y -3/8 √a3 ( √b )2 5 3 √x2 Properties of Rational Exponents Let m and n represent rational numbers. Assume that no denominator = 0. Property am * an = a m+n Example 8⅓ * 8⅔ = 8 ⅓+⅔ = 81 =8 (am)n = amn (5½)4 = 5½*4 = 52 = 25 (ab)m = ambm (4 *5)½ = 4½ * 5½ =2 * 5½ Properties of Rational Exponents Let m and n represent rational numbers. Assume that no denominator = 0. Property Example a-m = 1 am 9 -½ am a m-n = an 1 1 = = ½ 9 3 π3/2 π 3/2-1/2 = π1 = π = ½ π ⅓ a b m = am bm 5 27 = 5⅓ 27 ⅓ 5⅓ 3 Example 4 Simplifying Numbers with Rational Exponents (-32)3/5 4 -3.5 Example 5 Writing Expressions in Simplest Form (16y-8) -3/4 (8x15)-1/3 7-5 Solving Radical Equations What you’ll learn … To solve radical equations 2.07 Use equations with radical expressions to model and solve problems; justify results. a) Solve using tables, graphs, and algebraic properties. A radical equation is an equation that has a variable in a radicand or has a variable with a rational exponent. Radical Equation Not a Radical Equation Steps for Solving a Radical Equation 1. Get radical by itself. 2. Raise both sides to index power. 3. Solve for x. 4. Check. Example 1 Solving Radical Equations with Index 2 Solve 2 + √3x-2 = 6 √5x+1 – 6 = 0 Example 2 Solving Radical Equations with Rational Exponents Solve 2 (x – 2)2/3 = 50 3(x+1)3/5 = 24 Real World Connection A company manufactures solar cells that produce 0.02 watts of power per square centimeter of surface area. A circular solar cell needs to produce at least 10 watts. What is the minimum radius? Example 4 Checking for Extraneous Solutions Solve √x – 3 + 5 = x √3x + 2 - √2x + 7 = 0 Example 5 Solving Equations with Two Rational Exponents Solve Solve (2x +1)0.5 – (3x+4)0.25 = 0 (x +1)2/3 – (9x+1)1/3 = 0 7-8 Graphing Radical Functions What you’ll learn … Graph radical functions 2.07 Use equations with radical expressions to model and solve problems; justify results. a) Solve using tables, graphs, and algebraic properties. A radical equation defines a radical function. The graph of the radical function y= √x + k is a translation of the graph of y= √x. If k is positive, the graph is translated k units up. If k is negative, the graph is translated k units down. Example 1 Translating Square Root Functions Vertically y = √x y = √x + 3 Example 2 Translating Square Root Functions Horizontally y = √x y = √x + 3 Example 3 Graphing Square Root Functions y = -√x Example 4 Graphing Square Root Functions y = -2√x+1 - 3 Real World Connection The function h(x) = 0.4 3√ x models the height h in meters of a female giraffe that has a mass of x kilograms. Graph the model with a graphing calculator. Use the graph to estimate the mass of the young giraffe in the photo. 2.5 m Example 6 Graphing Cube Root Functions 3 y = 2√x+3 - 1 Example 7 Transforming Radical Equations Rewrite y = √4x-12 to make it easy to graph using a translation. Describe the graph. Rewrite y = √8x-24 +3 to make it easy to graph using a translation. Describe the graph. 3 In this chapter, you should have … Extended your knowledge of roots to include cube roots, fourth roots, fifth roots, and so on. Learned to add, subtract, multiply, and divide radical expressions, including binomial radical expressions. Solved radical equations, and graphed translations of radical functions and their inverses.