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Passenger/Item Detection System for Vehicles Dec03-05 members • • • • Jason Adams Ryan Anderson Jason Bogh Brett Sternberg Acknowledgements • Clive Woods – Advisor • Heart of Iowa Regional Transportation Agency (HIRTA) – Client Presentation Outline • Introductory Materials • Assumptions & Limitations • Accomplishments • Technical Approach • System Design • Implementation & Testing • Resources & Schedules • Closing Problem Statement • Need to prevent passengers from remaining on the bus after the driver leaves the bus. • Need for automatic detection system - Rectifies problem of driver not checking the bus General Solution-Approach Statement • Develop initial design • Present design to client for approval • Order parts • Assemble prototype circuits • Test prototype circuits • Combine circuits into complete detection system • Test detection system Operating Environment • Transient bus • Vibrations - Bus’s engine - Roadways traveled • Environmental elements - Dust - Dirt - Moisture • Normal temperatures • Withstand pressure given off by passengers Intended Users/Uses Users • male or female adult • commercial driver’s license • no discrimination on the basis of sex, ethnic background, physical size, or disability • able to operate the commercial vehicle according to the laws of the state. Uses • automatically detect remaining passengers and possible items • alarm driver of the situation before he or she has fully exited the bus. Assumptions • Will be used on a transient bus • Occupancy ranges from ten to seventy-five passengers • System off while bus is running • System starts when bus shuts off • Automatic • Versatile • Pressure sensors cover all seats • LED’s attenuation is eight to ten feet • Photodiode sensitive to LED only Limitations • Cost not to exceed two hundred fifty dollars • Power for the system comes from bus’s battery • Structure of the bus • Response time • Self-operational • Operating environment • Spectrum of LED End Product and Other Deliverables • Passenger detection system – Seat pressure system – Floor optical system • Technical specifications for parts • Installation directions • End product design report – Cost analysis report Present Accomplishments • Defined problem • Determined possible technologies • Researched possible technologies • Eliminated non-feasible technologies • Designed initial circuit designs • Presented design to HIRTA • Ordered Parts • Produced prototype circuits • Lab tested prototype circuits Technical Approach • Light sensitive resistors • Photodiode (detector) • Pyrometers • Weight systems • Ultra-sonic signature • Piezoelectric sensors • Pressure sensitive resistors • Magnetic counters • Optical counters • Infrared LED (emitter) Alarm System Approaches • Analog alarm system • Digital display system Technical Approach Results Hybrid system • Seats - pressure sensitive resistors • Floor - infrared emitters / photodiode detectors Research Activities • Phase detection - Remove overlapped signals of unwanted emitters - Synchronous detection methods allow detectors to accept only wanted signals • Seat weight distribution - Distribute weight located anywhere on a seat to the force sensor Design Constraints Physical properties – System should not be restrictive, distracting, or discomforting to the driver and passengers. Size – System should not interfere with normal bus operations. Fail-safe – System should never neglect to alert if a passenger is present when the bus is shut off. Power consumption – Power from the system must come from a 12volt battery. Response time – System will need to respond within 3-7 seconds of the bus being shut off. Design Constraints (cont’d) • Robust – System may be exposed to the elements and anything tracked on by passengers such as: rain, snow, mud, dust, and dirt. • Flexible – Design implementation must be supported for several bus designs. • Cost effective – If system cost is over $100, some type of funding must be provided. System Design Part I: Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors Purpose: – To detect a left behind passenger and/or item located on the seats. Basic Operation: – If pressure is detected on the sensor then an analog signal is output triggering the alarm. Bus Schematic – Pressure Sensors Force Sensitive Resistor Sensors Wiring Buzzer Alarm System Pressure Sensing Circuit • • • • Force-to-voltage circuit Rf sets sensitivity of circuit Signaling voltage pre-determined according to Rf Output will signal parallelizing circuit to trigger alarm Pressure Sensor Implementation • Initial force-to-voltage circuit design – Removed negative voltage from op-amp – Altered input voltage to incorporate bus battery voltage • Short range of linear output voltage – Set alarm trigger voltage within the linear range • Size of sensing surface area small – Install a surface to distribute weight from anywhere on the seat to the sensing area Pressure Sensor Testing • Testing output voltage of force-to-voltage circuit (lab) – Variable pressure sensor sensitivities (1 lb, 25 lb, 100 lb) – Variable input voltages – Variable Rf resistance • • Largest S occurred with 100 lb sensor and Rs = 100 kΩ – Voltage difference = 3 V System Design Part II: Optics Optics Purpose: •To detect a left behind passenger and/or item located on the floor. •To detect a left behind passengers in a wheelchair Basic Operation: •Emitted light that is blocked will cause the alarm to be triggered Optics General Layout: Seat Seat Seat Driver Seat Light Light Seat Wheel Chair Light Seat Seat Seat Seat Seat Seat Seat Optics General Layout: Exhibit A Exhibit B Exhibit A demonstrates a much more efficient configuration among the emitter and detectors! Optics Why Infrared light? • To prevent interference from ambient light • Optical receiver designed to only recognize infrared light (tinted photodiode) • To maintain a failsafe detection system Optics Benefits: • • • • Low Cost Small (Will not alter the aesthetics of the bus) Very low maintenance System does not impose any health risk Optics Drawbacks: • Tampering with may cause issues Solution: -Enclose in box-type structure -Sheet of plexy-glass over aperture Emitter or Detector Optics Transmitter BUS BATTERY 12 V VOLTAGE REGULATOR 5V OSCILLATOR SINE WAVE 30 KHz INFRARED EMITTER 50-50 SPACED D-FLIP FLOP SQUARE WAVE SWITCH TRANSISTOR (BJT) INFARED LIGHT Optics Receiver INFRARED DETECTOR AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER DIODE TRANSISTOR (BJT) TRANSISTOR (BJT) TRANSISTOR (BJT) PHASE DETECTION CIRCUIT ALARM Optics Phase Detection (in phase) Optics Phase Detection (90˚ out of phase) Alarm • Both the pressure sensors and optics will be able to trigger the alarm • Alarm in consideration has the following features: -90 dB buzzer • Some other sound levels -Conversation ---------------> 60 dB -Rock Concert ---------------> 110 dB Cost Analysis Personal Effort Personnel Name Adams, Jason Anderson, Ryan Bogh, Jason Sternberg, Brett Total Hours 165 140 140 160 Personal Effort (Total of 605 Hours) Ryan Anderson 140 Hours 23% Brett Sternberg\ 160 Hours 26% Adams, Jason Anderson, Ryan Bogh, Jason Sternberg, Brett Jason Bogh 140 Hours 23% Jason Adams 165 Hours 28% Item 1- 75dB Piezo Electric Buzzer 3- Infared LED pk/3 7- 5 kohm resistor pk/5 7- 0.1uF Capacitor pk/5 7- LM339 Comparator 14- LM741CN Operational Amplifier 14- 1 kohm resistor pk/5 7- Photodiodes 8- Circuit Chip & Wiring 10- Flexiforce Pressure Sensor Total Other Resources’ Cost Cost $2.99 $3.00 $6.23 $6.93 $6.93 $12.46 $12.46 $21.00 $40.00 $100.00 $212.00 Other Resources' Cost $100.00 10- Flexiforce Pressure Sensor $40.00 8- Circuit Chip & Wiring $21.00 7- Photodiodes 14- 1 kohm resistor pk/5 $12.46 14- LM741CN Operational Amplifier $12.46 7- LM339 Comparator $6.93 7- 0.1uF Capacitor pk/5 $6.93 7- 5 kohm resistor pk/5 $6.23 3- Infared LED pk/3 $3.00 1- 75dB Piezo Electric Buzzer $2.99 $0.00 $20.00 $40.00 $60.00 $80.00 $100.00 $120.00 Final Projected Costs Final Project Cost ($6262.00) $7,000.00 $6,262.00 $6,000.00 Cost $5,000.00 $4,000.00 $3,000.00 $2,000.00 $1,000.00 $212.00 $0.00 Parts Labor Item Item Parts and Materials 1- 75dB Piezo Electric Buzzer 3- Infared LED pk/3 7- 5 kohm resistor pk/5 7- 0.1uF Capacitor pk/5 7- LM339 Comparator 14- LM741CN Operational Amplifier 14- 1 kohm resistor pk/5 7- Photodiodes 8- Circuit Chip & Wiring 10- Flexiforce Pressure Sensor Subtotal Labor at $10.00 per hour: a. Adams, Jason b. Anderson, Ryan c. Bogh, Jason d. Sternberg, Brett Subtotal Total W/O Labor With Labor $2.99 $3.00 $6.23 $6.93 $6.93 $12.46 $12.46 $21.00 $40.00 $100.00 $212.00 $2.99 $3.00 $6.23 $6.93 $6.93 $12.46 $12.46 $21.00 $40.00 $100.00 $212.00 $0.00 $212.00 $1,650.00 $1,400.00 $1,400.00 $1,600.00 $6,050.00 $6,262.00 Project Project Definition Project Definition (Revised) Project Definition Completion Project Definition Completion (Revised) End User(s) End use(s) End User(s) End use(s) (Revised) Constraint Identification Constraint Identification (Revised) Technology Considerations Technology Considerations (Revised) Identification of Technologies Identification of Technologies (Revised) Identification of Criteria Identification of Criteria (Revised) Technology Research Technology Research (Revised) Technology Selection Technology Selection (Revised) End-Product Design End-Product Design (Revised) Identification of Requirements Identification of Requirements (Revised) Design Process Design Process (Revised) Document Design Document Design (Revised) Prototype Implementation Prototype Implementation (Revised) Identification of Limitations Identification of Limitations (Revised) Implementation of Prototype Implementation of Prototype (Revised) End-Product Testing End-Product Testing (Revised) Test Planning Test Planning (Revised) Actual Testing Actual Testing (Revised) Results Evaluation Results Evaluation (Revised) End-Product Documentation End-Product Documentation (Revised) End-user Documentation End-user Documentation (Revised) Maintenance Documentation Maintenance Documentation (Revised) End-Product Demonstration End-Product Demonstration (Revised) Demonstration Planning Demonstration Planning (Revised) Faculty Advisor Demonstration Faculty Advisor Demonstration (Revised) Industrial Review Panel Demonstration Industrial Review Panel Demonstration (Revised) Project Reporting Project Reporting (Revised) Project Plan Project Plan (Revised) Project Poster Project Poster (Revised) Design Report Design Report (Revised) Final Report Final Report (Revised) Weekly Email Reporting % Start 01-Feb-2003 01-Feb-2003 01-Feb-2003 01-Feb-2003 03-Feb-2003 03-Feb-2003 04-Feb-2003 04-Feb-2003 06-Feb-2003 06-Feb-2003 06-Feb-2003 06-Feb-2003 10-Feb-2003 10-Feb-2003 12-Feb-2003 12-Feb-2003 06-Mar-2003 06-Apr-2003 10-Mar-2003 10-Apr-2003 10-Mar-2003 10-Apr-2003 20-Mar-2003 11-Apr-2003 13-Apr-2003 13-Apr-2003 24-Aug-2003 24-Aug-2003 24-Aug-2003 24-Aug-2003 29-Aug-2003 29-Aug-2003 19-Sep-2003 19-Sep-2003 19-Sep-2003 19-Sep-2003 02-Oct-2003 02-Oct-2003 16-Oct-2003 16-Oct-2003 21-Oct-2003 21-Oct-2003 21-Oct-2003 21-Oct-2003 31-Oct-2003 31-Oct-2003 11-Nov-2003 11-Nov-2003 11-Nov-2003 11-Nov-2003 14-Dec-2003 14-Dec-2003 16-Dec-2003 16-Dec-2003 01-Feb-2003 01-Feb-2003 01-Feb-2003 01-Feb-2003 01-Mar-2003 01-Mar-2003 01-Apr-2003 01-Apr-2003 11-Nov-2003 11-Nov-2003 01-Feb-2003 Finish 08-Feb-2003 08-Feb-2003 03-Feb-2003 03-Feb-2003 04-Feb-2003 04-Feb-2003 08-Feb-2003 08-Feb-2003 08-Mar-2003 08-Apr-2003 10-Feb-2003 10-Feb-2003 12-Feb-2003 12-Feb-2003 06-Mar-2003 06-Apr-2003 08-Mar-2003 08-Apr-2003 20-Apr-2003 15-Apr-2003 15-Mar-2003 11-Apr-2003 12-Apr-2003 12-Apr-2003 20-Apr-2003 15-Apr-2003 18-Sep-2003 18-Sep-2003 28-Aug-2003 28-Aug-2003 18-Sep-2003 18-Sep-2003 20-Oct-2003 20-Oct-2003 01-Oct-2003 01-Oct-2003 15-Oct-2003 15-Oct-2003 20-Oct-2003 20-Oct-2003 10-Nov-2003 10-Nov-2003 30-Oct-2003 30-Oct-2003 10-Nov-2003 10-Nov-2003 20-Dec-2003 20-Dec-2003 12-Dec-2003 12-Dec-2003 15-Dec-2003 15-Dec-2003 17-Dec-2003 17-Dec-2003 20-Dec-2003 20-Dec-2003 10-Feb-2003 10-Feb-2003 14-Mar-2003 14-Mar-2003 06-May-2003 15-Apr-2003 20-Dec-2003 20-Dec-2003 20-Dec-2003 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Project Evaluation Milestone Percent Completed Project Definition 100 Technologies Considered 100 Ordering of Prototype Parts 100 Construction of Prototype 100 Testing of Prototype 75 Final System Construction 0 Final System Testing 0 Remove Bugs from Final System 0 Project Total 75 Commercialization • The cost to produce the product is very difficult to determine - Each system depends on size of bus or vehicle - Each system must be installed during construction of the vehicle • Potential market for this product is large - Every large capacity transportation company (bus, airline) Recommendations for Additional Work • Detect items in specific locations • Timer/Delay • Alarm fully on or off • Reset/override • Digital display Lessons Learned • Practical and applicable solution • Time constraints and inability to catch up • Circuit design • Research techniques • Application of engineering skills to real world problems • Set more strict deadlines • Documentation Risk and Risk Management • Time consumption of learning the technologies used – Consulting advisor more often than not • Complete redesign of optoelectronics – Learn the technology • Delay in ordering parts – Ordered parts as soon as possible • Unavailability of times for the team to meet – Two smaller teams • Reliability of the breadboards used in circuitry – Troubleshoot, troubleshoot • Receiving wrong parts – Use replacement parts – Redesign circuitry •Small size of the pressure sensing area – Find a surface to distribute weight to the sensor Closing Summary • Passenger detection system • Hybrid design using two technologies – Floor space : Optoelectronics – Seats : Pressure sensors • Automated • Eliminates the factors of human error Questions?