Download Experiment Procedure

KL-620
Microcomputer Sensing Control System
Training Course
Unit 0 : KL-62001
Main Unit
Unit 1 : KL-64001
Unit 5 : KL-64005
Unit 9 : KL-64009
Unit 13 : KL-64013
General
Sensors (I)
Temp I (AD590)
Humidity
CDS
Photovoltaic
Level (Water)
Unit 2 : KL-64002
Unit 6 : KL-64006
Unit 10 : KL-64010
Unit 14 : KL-64014
General
Sensors (II)
Infrared
Ultrasonic
V/F Converter
Fiber Optic
Unit 3 : KL-64003
Unit 7 : KL-64007
Unit 11 : KL-64011
Unit 15 : KL-64015
General
Sensors (III)
Pressure
Strain Gauge
F/V Converter
LVDT
Unit 4 : KL-64004
Unit 8 : KL-64008
Unit 12 : KL-64012
Unit 16 : KL-64016
Gas/Smoke
Ethanol
Hall Current
Proximity
Temp II (PT100)
Rotation Angle
Unit 0 : KL-62001
Main Unit
In this Unit, the operation of each block on Main Unit will be introduced.
After study complete, users are able to use KL-62001 as measurement
and assist tool for KL-620 experiments.
1. System Test
6. Alarm Amplifier Test
2. DCV Measurement (Manual)
7. Comparator Test
3. DCV Measurement (Chip)
8. Differential Amplifier Test
4. DCV Measurement (PC)
9. Instrumentation Amplifier
5. D/A Converter Test
10. Other MCU Function Test
Menu
System Test
Objective:
To understand how to self test Single Chip and EPROM.
Blocks to be demonstrated:
Thumbwheel Switch
Status Display
Single Chip
Out Control 2
Out Control 3
EPROM
Back
Procedure:
1. Turn off the power. Connect the wires as shown in next slide.
2. Turn on the power.  If the speaker beep 4 times and the Status
Display shows “1”, it means that the Single Chip and EPROM work
functionally.
3. Remove Control2 from Ground.  The Status Display will display the
value shown on Thumbwheel Switch.
4. Adjust the Thumbwheel Switch below 4095.  The Status Display will
show the current value of the Thumbwheel Switch.
5. Adjust the Thumbwheel Switch over 4095  The speaker will alarm and
the Status Display shows “0000”.
Control2  GND
Control3  GND
DCV Measurement (Manual)
Objective:
To understand how to use Potentiometer.
To use DC Voltage Meter to measure DC Voltage manually.
Blocks to be demonstrated:
DC Power
+12V, -12V
Status Display
MODE Button
Range Button
Select / Manual
Potentiometer
Back
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Turn off the power.
Connect the wires as shown in next slide.
Turn on the power.
Press Range button twice.  Select the measuring range of DCV ( -20V
~ +20V)
5. Rotate the Potentiometer.  The output voltage at VR2 will display at
Status Display section (-12V ~ +12V) .
Discussion:
When connects MANUAL to the GND,
Status Display Section acts as DC
Voltage Meter.
Connect to GND
+12V  VR3
+Input  VR2
Manual  GND
-12V  VR1
DCV Measurement (Chip)
Objective:
Use A/D Converter, Single Chip and Status Display to measure DC voltage
Blocks to be demonstrated:
DC Power
+5V, GND
Status Display
MODE Button
Range Button
A/D Converter
Select / Chip
Potentiometer
Back
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Turn off the power.
Connect the wires as shown in next slide.
Turn on the power.
Press Range button twice.  Select the measuring range of DCV ( -20V
~ +20V)
5. Rotate the Potentiometer.  The output voltage at VR2 will display at
Status Display section (0V ~ +5V) .
Discussion:
1. When connecting CHIP to the GND,
the analog signal received from A/D
Converter will send to single chip for
decoding and output to 7 segment
display.
2. When sending the analog signal to
the PC, the signal should be
converted to digital format. As the
result, this technique will be used
when connecting the main unit to the
PC. Check next exercise.
Warning!!
The max voltage input to ADC is 5V.
+5V  VR1
A/D IN  VR2
GND  VR1
Chip  GND
DCV Measurement (PC)
Objective:
Use computer interface to acquire and record DC voltage
Blocks to be demonstrated:
DC Power
+5V, GND
RS-232C
A/D Converter
Select / Chip
Potentiometer
Back
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Turn off the power and connect the wires as shown in next slide.
Connects RS-232C port to PC COM port by using K&H RS-232 Cable.
Turn on the power and launch the KL-620 software.
Press the [Acquire] button.  Start to record the DC voltage.
Rotate the Potentiometer.  The output voltage at VR2 will display at
software panel.
Warning!!
The max voltage swing input to ADC is -5V ~ +5V.
Discussion:
When connecting CHIP to the GND and
CTRL pin to GND, the analog signal
received from A/D Converter will send
to PC through RS-232 interface.
+5V  VR3
Connect to PC COM1
CTRL  GND
A/D IN  VR2
GND  VR1
Chip  GND
KL-620 Software Interface for Data Acquisition
Load saved data
Graphic and Cursor control panel
Save data in Excel format
Data stored in Table
Press acquire button to start acquire data
Change Y-axis Name and Scale
Setup Acquire Frequency, Number and Gain
Setup trigger level for background color
Current, Min, and Max value
D/A Converter Test
Objective:
Use DCV to measure the voltage converted from D/A Converter
Blocks to be demonstrated:
Thumbwheel Switch
Status Display
D/A Converter
Select / Manual
Back
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Turn off the power and connect the wires as shown in next slide.
Turn on the power.
Press Range button twice Setup DCV measuring range (-20V ~ +20V)
Adjust Thumbwheel Switch below 4095, for example 3512  Status
Display will show close to 3.512, meaning that the output voltage of DA
Converter is 3.512 Volt.
5. Adjust Thumbwheel Switch above 4095  Status Display will show
close to 0.000 and speaker start beeping.
Discussion:
The digital output of thumbwheel switch (12-bit) is connected to 12-bit
D/A Converter DA0~DA11 and convert to DC voltage.
The scale for converting is 1 bit = 0.001V
i.e. (0000~4095 => 0.000~4.095V)
+Input  OUT+
Connect to GND
Manual  GND
Alarm Amplifier Test
Objective:
Understand the connection and function of alarm amplifier block
Blocks to be demonstrated:
DC Power
GND, +5V
Alarm Amplifier
Potentiometer
Back
Procedure:
1. Turn off the power and connect the wires as shown in next slide.
2. Turn on the power.
3. Rotate the Potentiometer  When the applied voltage is higher than
0.7V, the buzzer will be ON.
Discussion:
The schematic of the Alarm Amplifier block is shown below. When the
applying voltage to Signal Input of Alarm Amplifier is above around 0.7
volt, transistor will be ON and the buzzer will start alarming.
Buzzer
Signal Input
From Single Chip
+5V  VR3
GND  VR1
SIN. IN  VR2
Comparator Test
Objective:
Understand the connection and function of comparator block
Blocks to be demonstrated:
DC Power
GND, +5V,+12V
Comparator
Select / Manual
Potentiometer
Back
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Turn off the power and connect the wires as shown in next slide.
Turn on the power.
Press Range button twice (20V range)
Rotate the Potentiometer  When V+ > V-, Vo outputs a positive 10 volt.
When V- > V+, Vo outputs a negative 10 Volt.
Discussion:
The schematic of the Comparator is shown below.
VVo
V+
+12V  VR3
+5V  V+Input  Vo
Connect to GND
GND  VR1
V+  VR2
Manual  GND
Differential Amplifier Test
Objective:
Understand the connection and function of differential amplifier block.
Blocks to be demonstrated:
DC Power
+12V, +5V,-5V
Differential
Amplifier
Select / Manual
Back
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Turn off the power and connect the wires as shown in next slide.
Turn on the power.
Select Range button to 20V range  The Status Display shows 7 (Volt).
Connects V+ to DC -5V and V- remains connecting to DC +5V  The
Status Display shows -10 (Volt)
Discussion:
The output voltage of differential amplifier is equal to V+ - V-. However
due to the power supplied limit of amplifier, the maximum difference is
equal to 12 Volt. The schematic of the differential amplifier is shown
and explained below.
VV+
10k
I
10k
Vo
I
10k
10k
V+
2
+12V  V+
+5V  V-
+Input  Vo
Connect to GND
Manual  GND
Instrumentation Amplifier Test
Objective:
Understand the connection and function of instrumentation amplifier block.
Blocks to be demonstrated:
Thumbwheel Switch
Instrumentation
Amplifier
D/A Converter
Select / Manual
Potentiometer
Back
Procedure:
1. Turn off the power.
2. Use multi-meter and adjust Potentiometer until the resistance between
VR2 and VR3 is equal to 40k Ohm.
3. Setup Thumbwheel Switch to be 0200  D/A Converter OUT+ = 0.2 Volt
4. Connect wires as shown in next page.
5. Turn on the power.
6. Select Range button to 20V range  Status Display shows 1.2V
Discussion:
The schematic of the instrumentation
amplifier block is shown at right side,
where
Vi+
R3:10k
VR1
R1:100k
VR
R2:10k
Vo
VR2
R1:100k
R2:10k
VR3
R3:10k
=6
Vi-
OUT+  V-
GND  V+
+Input  Vo
VR1  VR1
Connect to GND
VR2  VR2
VR3  VR3
Manual  GND
Other MCU Function Test
Objective:
To understand the Out Control pin1 and pin4 of MCU block
Blocks to be demonstrated:
Thumbwheel Switch
DC Power
+5V, GND
Status Display
A/D Converter
Single Chip
Out Control 1
Out Control 4
Alarm Amplifier
Select / Chip
Potentiometer
Back
Procedure:
1. Turn off the power. Connect the wires as shown in next slide.
2. Setup Thumbwheel Switch to be [1000]  Setup Alarm level equal to
1.221 Volt. (See discussion below)
3. Turn on the power.
4. Select Range button to 20V range
5. Adjust the Potentiometer so that the Status Display shows higher than
1.221 (Volt)  Out Control 1 outputs a continuous pulse (pulse width =
0.5 sec) to the alarm amplifier and enable the alarm.
6. Adjust the Potentiometer so that the Status Display shows lower than or
equal to 1.221 (Volt)  Out Control 1 outputs a LOW state, no sound
outputs from alarm.
7. Remove Out Control 1 from Alarm Amplifier SIN. IN
8. Connect Out Control 4 to Alarm Amplifier SIN. IN
9. Adjust the Potentiometer so that the Status Display shows higher than
1.221 (Volt)  Out Control 4 outputs a LOW state.
10.Adjust the Potentiometer so that the Status Display shows lower than or
equal to 1.221 (Volt)  Out Control 4 outputs a HIGH state and alarm
amplifier starts alarming.
+5V  VR3
A/D IN  VR2
Out Control1  SIN. IN
GND  VR1
Chip  GND
Discussion:
Scaling the Preset level from 0000 ~ 4095 to 0000~5000
Preset Level
0000~4095
Scaled Level
The range of the preset level is from 0000~4095.
0000~5000
0
=
0000
1000
=
1221
2000
=
2442
3000
=
3663
4000
=
4884
4095
=
5000
The range of the voltage level output from AD
converter is from 0V~5V (0000~5000)
As the result, when the preset level is set to 1000
and when the AD In voltage exceed 1221, the
alarm beeps. (Outputs from Control 1).
Another example, when the preset level is set to
3000 and when the AD In voltage exceed 3663,
the alarm beeps. (Outputs from Control 1).
Formula : Scaled
Value
=
Preset
Level
x
5000
4095
Unit 1 : KL-64001
General Sensors (I)
You have learned how to use Main Unit KL-62001 as a measurement and
assist tool from previous Unit. In this Unit, 4 different types of common
sensors are introduced. The connections of the modules to the Main Unit
will not be introduced. Any questions regard to the Main Unit connections
can be referred to Unit 0.
1. Photo Transistor
2. Photo Interrupter
3. Magnetic Hall Effect (Digital)
4. Magnetic Hall Effect (Analog)
Menu
Photo Transistor
Structure:
Window
Symbol:
Wire
C
Chip
E
Lead wire
The electrons that are generated by photons in the base-collector junction are
injected into the base, and this current is then amplified by the transistor
operation. i.e., The light striking the base replaces what would ordinarily be
voltage applied to the base – so, a phototransistor amplifies variations in the
light striking it.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Ic
photons
Iλ
WHEN Photons

Iλ
 Ic
 Vo1
WHEN Photons

Iλ
 Ic
 Vo1
Experiment Procedure:
•
•
•
•
•
With power off, connect Vo1 to the Main Unit DCV INPUT+.
Turn on the power.
Cover the phototransistor with hand and record the output voltage
Vo1?
Lighten the phototransistor with fluorescent lamp and record the output
voltage Vo1? 
What is the relation between the output voltage and the distance
between light source and phototransistor? 
Note: If you don’t know how to use DCV, please check Unit 0
Answers:
3.  ~ 5 Volt
4.  0.1 V ~ 4.0 V, depends on the magnitude of the light source.
5.  The longer the distance, the higher output voltage
Photo Interrupter
Structure:
Symbol:
Barrier
Emitter
+
+
E
D
Detector
Lead wire
Fixed hole
A common implementation involves an LED and a Phototransistor, separated
so that light may travel across a barrier but electrical current may not. When
an electrical signal is applied to the input of the photo interrupter, its LED lights,
its light sensor then activates, and a corresponding electrical signal is
generated at the output.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Ic
Vo2’
In normal situation:
Detector receives light signal from LED  Vo2’ = LOW  Vo2 = LOW
When an object block the light bean:
Collector current Ic decreases  Vo2’ = High  Vo2 = High
The two inverters act as a wave shaper and Schmitt trigger Latch.
Experiment Procedure:
1. With power off, connect Vo2 to the SIN. IN of Alarm Amplifier of on
Main Unit.
2. Turn on the power.
3. What’s the status of the alarm when nothing block the light bean?
4. What’s the status of the alarm when an object blocks the light bean? 
5. Use oscilloscope to compare the wave shape of Vo2’ and Vo2 
Note: If you don’t know how to use DCV, please check Unit 0
Answers:
3.  nothing happened
4.  start alarming
5. 
Vo2’
Vo2
Magnetic Hall Effect (Digital)
Structure:
Symbol:
Hall IC
Output
Supply
Ground
Pinning is shown from brand side
The linear Hall-effect sensor detects the motion, position, or change in field
strength of an electromagnet. The output null voltage is nominally one-half the
supply voltage. A south magnetic pole, presented to the branded face of the
Hall effect sensor will drive the output higher than the null voltage level. A
north magnetic pole will drive the output below the null level.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Vo3’
Magnet
The voltage of Vo3’ is affected by the pole and magnitude of the magnetic field.
When South pole approaches to the sensor  Vo3’
When North pole approaches to the sensor  Vo3’
The two inverters act as a wave shaper and Schmitt trigger Latch.
Experiment Procedure:
With power off, connect Vo3’ to DCV.
Turn on the power.
What’s the value of Vo3’ shown on DCV? 
Move the magnet (North pole face to the device) toward the Hall IC and
observe the value of Vo3’ shown on DCV.
5. Move the magnet (South pole face to the device) toward the Hall IC and
observe the value of Vo3’ shown on DCV.
6. Replace the measure point from Vo3’ to Vo3, and repeat step 4 
7. Replace the measure point from Vo3’ to Vo3, and repeat step 5 
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answers:
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
 ~2.5 Volt
 2.5V ~ 4.1V, the closer the magnet, the higher output voltage.
 2.5V ~ 1.1V, the closer the magnet, the lower the output voltage.
 5 Volt
 0 Volt
Magnetic Hall Effect (Analog)
Structure:
Symbol:
Hall Element
Vin
GND
Vout1
Vin
Vout1
Vout2
Vout2
GND
The Hall element provides an output voltage that is proportional to the
magnetic filed which it is exposed. The sensed magnetic field can be
either positive or negative. As a result, the output of the amplifier will be
driven either positive or negative
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Vout1
Vout2
Magnet
The voltage of Vout1 and Vout2 is affected by the pole and magnitude of the
magnetic field.
When South pole approaches to the sensor  Vout1 Vout2  Vo4
When North pole approaches to the sensor  Vout1
Variable resistor R9 is used for offset adjustment.
Vout2  Vo4
Experiment Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
With power off, connect Vo4 to DCV.
Turn on the power.
Adjust variable resistor R9 so that Vo4 is equal to 0 Volt.
Move the magnet (North pole face to the device) toward the Hall IC and
observe the value of Vo4 shown on DCV.
5. Move the magnet (South pole face to the device) toward the Hall IC and
observe the value of Vo4 shown on DCV.
Answers:
4.  Vo4 = 0 ~ 6 Volt
The closer the magnet, the higher output voltage (positive direction).
5.  Vo4 = 0 ~ -6 Volt
The closer the magnet, the higher output voltage (negative direction).
Unit 2 : KL-64002
General Sensors (II)
5. Pyroelectric Detector
6. Reed Switch
7. Thermistor
8. Mercury Switch
Menu
Pyroelectric Detector
Symbol:
Structure:
D
Filter Window
Drain
Source
Gate
G
S
The pyroelectric sensor is made of a crystalline material that generates a surface
electric charge when exposed to heat in the form of infrared radiation. When the
amount of radiation striking the crystal changes, the amount of charge also
changes and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device built into the
sensor. The sensor elements are sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a
filter window is added to the package to limit incoming radiation to the 8 to 14μm
range which is most sensitive to human body radiation.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Vs
When human body towards to the sensor  a negative pulse signal should
present at the source terminal of FET  U1 amplifies the pulse
When human body away from the sensor  a positive pulse signal should
present at the source terminal of FET  U1 amplifies the pulse
Coupling Capacitor C1 blocks the DC signal from the sensor.
Experiment Procedure:
1. With power off, connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to Vo5.
2. Set oscilloscope CH1 to AC coupling (500mV,500mS)
3. Adjust variable resistor R5 to maximum (rotate the knob clockwise until
reaching end position)
4. Turn on the power.
5. Weave your hand on the top of the sensor and observe the waveform
shown on the oscilloscope 
6. Toward your hand to the top of the sensor slowly, stay for 2 sec, and
remove your hand away from the sensor slowly, check the waveform 
Answers:
5. 
Away
Toward
6. 
Away
Toward
Reed Switch
Symbol:
Structure:
Sealed glass
Reed
Contact
The reed switch is a type of mechanical-contact switch. Two metal reeds are
enclosed in a hermetically sealed glass capsule. A normally open (NO) reed
switch is shown above. The overlapping reeds can be closed or opened by
positioning a permanent magnet close to the reed contacts.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
When switch close  Q1 ON  Buzzing
When switch open  Q1 OFF  No Buzzer
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power On the module.
2. Approach a magnet from the top of the sensor to the sensor contact
(Magnetic field is in vertical with the contact plate). What is the status of
the buzzer? 
3. Approach a magnet from the side of the sensor to the sensor contact.
(Magnetic field is in parallel with the contact plate). What is the status
of the buzzer? 
Answers:
2.  Buzzer is ON
3.  Buzzer is OFF
Thermistor
Symbol:
Structure:
Epoxy
Lead wire
Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors. Increasing the temperature will
decreases the resistance (in most cases). This type also called NTC type
(Negative Temperature Coefficient). When used for temperature measurements,
the current flowing through thermistors must be kept very low (typical less than
0.1 mA) to assure near-zero power dissipation and near-zero self heating.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
v1
When Temp.
 RSENSOR7
 V1
 Q2 ON  Q3 ON  LED ON
When Temp.
 RSENSOR7
 V1
 Q2 OFF  Q3 OFF  LED OFF
Experiment Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
With power off, connect DCV to Q2 base.
Turn on the power, adjust variable resistor R8 until V1 equal to 0.95V.
Rub the thermistor 
Blow the thermistor 
Answers:
3.  LED starts lighting up when V1 reach about 1 Volt.
4.  LED dims.
Mercury Switch
Symbol:
Structure:
Glass Case
Mercury
Two electrodes and mercury are enclosed in a hermetically sealed glass
capsule. When the sensor tilted a angle about 15 degrees, two electrodes are
closed by mercury.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
When switch short  Q4 ON  Buzzer ON
When switch open  Q4 OFF  Buzzer OFF
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module.
2. Tilt the sensor until the mercury reaching two electrodes. What is the
status of the buzzer?
Answers:
2.  Buzzer starts buzzing
Unit 3 : KL-64003
General Sensors (III)
9. Limit Switch
10. Vibration Switch
11. Condenser Microphone
12. Dynamic Microphone
Menu
Limit Switch
Symbol:
Structure:
NO
Actuator
Normal open
Normal Close
COM
COM
NC
The limit switch uses physical contact to change state. Upon contact, when an
object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to
make or break an electrical connection.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
When not actuated :
1 = High ; 5 = Low  4 = High ; LED2 OFF  2 = High  3 = Low ; 6 = Low
LED1 ON
When actuated :
1 = Low ; 6 = Low  4 = Low ; 2 = Low  LED2 ON  3 = High ; 6 = High 
LED1 OFF
(from previous state)
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module.
2. Press the button to actuate the circuit, what’s the state of the LED? 
3. Release the button, what’s the state of the LED? 
Answers:
2.  LED1 OFF ; LED2 ON
3.  LED1 ON ; LED2 OFF
Vibration Switch
Symbol:
Structure:
Housing
Contact:
to spring
Contact
to metal
The vibration switch is normally open with vibration springs. When a vibration
occurred, the switch changes to close state and the switch turns ON.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
When vibration switch is OFF :
555 Timer (U2) OFF  no output at Vo10  Buzzer OFF
When vibration switch is ON :
555 Timer (U2) ON  pulse output at Vo10  Buzzer ON
Experiment Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Power on the module.
What is the status of the buzzer?
Knock the sensor from side, what is the status of the buzzer?
Knock the sensor from top, what is the status of the buzzer?
Answers:
2.  Buzzer is OFF
3.  Buzzer is beeping.
4.  no response from the buzzer.
Condenser Microphone
Symbol:
Structure:
VCC
Audio Out
GND
Vcc / Audio Signal
The condenser microphone is constructed with a
pair of metal plates that move closer or further
apart in response to air vibrations. One rigid plate
is connected to ground, the other moving plate is
flexible and positively charged by an external
voltage. The Condenser microphone is good for
crisp sound and can be used for high quality
recordings.
Ground
Back
Circuit Explanation:
The output voltage of the microphone sends to COMMON SPEAKER
AMPLIFIER block for signal amplification and driving the speaker.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Connects Vo11 (COMDENSER MICROPHONE block) to Vin1
(COMMON SPEAKER AMPLIFIER block).
2. Power on the module.
3. Input voice at the microphone, what happened to the speaker? (using
variable resistor R11 to adjust the gain) 
4. Blow the microphone and use oscilloscope to record the maximum
amplitude of the waveform at Vo11. (note: this result will be used to
compare to the result at next exercise.
Answers:
3.  When rotate right R11, the volume is higher.
 When rotate left R11, the volume is lower.
4.  Max amplitude = 3 Vpp.
Dynamic Microphone
Structure:
Symbol:
Audio Out
Diaphram
Ground
Dynamic microphones contain a plastic membrane or
diaphram. A metal coil inside is connected to the
diaphram on one end and a magnet on the other
When the diaphram moves in response to air
vibrations the coil moves across the magnet creating a
current throught induction.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
The dynamic microphone converts the sound waves to electric signal
at Vo12.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module.
2. Connects Vo12 (DYNAMIC MICROPHONE block) to oscilloscope.
3. Blow the microphone and use oscilloscope to record the maximum
amplitude of the waveform at Vo12. 
4. Connects Vo12 to Vin1 ( COMMON SPEAKER AMPLIFIER block) and
input some voice to the microphone. What happened to the speaker?

Answers:
3.  Max amplitude = 15m Vpp.
4.  Noting happened since the
output signal Vo12 is too
small.
Unit 4 : KL-64004
Gas / Ethanol Sensor
13. Gas / Smoke Sensor
14. Ethanol Sensor
Menu
Gas / Smoke Sensor
Structure:
Stainless steel
double gauze
Housing
NI pin
Symbol:
VC
RS
VR
RL
VH GND
VC: Circuit Voltage Rs: Sensor Resistance
VH: Heating Voltage VR: Load Voltage
The sensor resistance RS is serially connected to the load resistance RL to form a
voltage divider. The VC provides a stable current through the divider and
produces a voltage drop across the RL. If the concentration of gas increases, the
output voltage VR will increase due to the decrease of sensor resistance RS (the
conductivity of the semiconductor inside the sensor increases). As a result, the
output voltage VR is a function of gas concentration.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
V9 = 5 x [R10 / (R9+R10)]
V10
V6 V12
RS
V13
V14
V8
When gas/smoke detected:
Sensor Resistance V6  V12  When V12 > V13  positive voltage
output at V14  charging C1  when voltage at C1 (V10) > V9  positive
output at V8  555 timer triggered  pulse output at Vo13
When gas/smoke no longer detected:
Sensor Resistance V6  V12  When V12 < V13  output LOW at
V14  C1 discharging  when voltage at C1 (V10) < V9  output LOW at V8
 555 timer disabled  no pulse output at Vo13
Experiment Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
With power off, connect Vo13 to Alarm Amplifier SIN. IN
Power on the module.
Use DCV to record the voltage at V9 
Use DCV to record the voltage at V12 
Adjust variable resistor R5 so that V13 is 0.5 Volt Higher than V12. 
Release some gas to the sensor from a lighter. Observe the voltage
change at V12 and V10 
7. What is the condition to increase V10? 
8. What is the condition for buzzer to start alarming? 
9. What is the condition for buzzer to stop alarming? 
10. Use smoke instead of gas, and repeat step 6~9.
Note: If the sensor is not used (unenergized) more than 30 days, the sensor resistance will be very
low. It will take couple of minutes for the sensor resistance to increase its normal value.
Answers:
3.  V9 = ~ 1.6V
4.  V12 = ~ 1.0V
5.  V13 = 1.5V
6.  V12 increases due to V6 increases (sensor resistance decreases)
 V10 increases due to V14 increases and charging C1
7.  When V12 > V13, V14 increases and charging C1, so V10 increases
8.  When V10 (voltage at C1) > V9, V8 will trigger 555 Timer
9.  When no gas detected, V14 = Low and C1 start discharging. When V10
lower than V9, the alarm will stop.
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Ethanol Sensor
Structure:
Stainless steel
double gauze
Housing
NI pin
Symbol:
VC
RS
VR
RL
VH GND
VC: Circuit Voltage Rs: Sensor Resistance
VH: Heating Voltage VR: Load Voltage
The sensor resistance RS is serially connected to the load resistance RL to form a
voltage divider. The VC provides a stable current through the divider and
produces a voltage drop across the RL. If the concentration of ethanol increases,
the output voltage VR will increase due to the decrease of sensor resistance RS
(the conductivity of the semiconductor inside the sensor increases). As a result,
the output voltage VR is a function of ethanol concentration.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
V6 = 5 x [R24 / (R23+R24)]
V5
V6 V3
RS
V2
V1
V7
When ethanol detected:
Sensor Resistance V6  V3  When V3 > V2  positive voltage
output at V1  charging C1  when voltage at C4 (V5) > V6  positive
output at V7  555 timer triggered  pulse output at Vo14
When ethanol no longer detected:
Sensor Resistance V6  V3  When V3 < V2  output LOW at V1
 C1 discharging  when voltage at C4 (V5) < V6  output LOW at V7 
555 timer disabled  no pulse output at Vo14
Experiment Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
With power off, connect Vo14 to Alarm Amplifier SIN. IN
Power on the module.
Use DCV to record the voltage at V6 
Use DCV to record the voltage at V3 
Adjust variable resistor R19 so that V2 is 0.5 Volt Higher than V3. 
Put some ethanol on the tissue and rub the sensor surface. Observe the
voltage change at V3 and V5 
7. What is the condition to increase V5? 
8. What is the condition for buzzer to start alarming? 
9. What is the condition for buzzer to stop alarming? 
10.Adjust R19 so that V2 is 1 Volt higher than V3, what do you find?
Note: If the sensor is not used (unenergized) more than 30 days, the sensor resistance will be very
low. It will take couple of minutes for the sensor resistance to increase its normal value.
Answers:
3.  V6 = ~ 1.6V
4.  V3 = ~ 1.0V
5.  V2 = ~1.5V
6.  V3 increases due to V6 increases (sensor resistance decreases)
 V5 increases due to V1 increases and charging C4
7.  When V3 > V2, V1 increases and charging C4, so V5 increases
8.  When V5 (voltage at C4) > V6, V7 will trigger 555 Timer
9.  When no ethanol detected, V1 = Low and C4 start discharging. When V5
lower than V6, the alarm will stop.
10.  The sensitivity of the sensor becomes lower.
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Unit 5 : KL-64005
Temperature (AD590) / Humidity Sensor
15. Temperature (AD590) Sensor
16. Humidity Sensor
Menu
Temperature (AD590) Sensor
Symbol:
Structure:
+
Case
The AD590 is an integrated-circuit temperature transducer which produces an
output current proportional to absolute temperature. The device acts as a high
impedance constant current regulator, passing 1uA/oK for supply voltages
between +4V and +30V. The objective of this module is to convert the 0k scale
into 0C so that user can read the value easily.
Back
• If VR2+R3 = 10k ohm
 Vx= I x (R3 + VR2)
= 1uA/0k x 10k = 10mV/0K
Circuit Explanation:
• U1 is voltage follower
 V3 = V2 = V6
• U3 is voltage follower
 V3 = V2 = V6

(1uA/oK)
I
V+
• U2 is differential amplifier
When R10/R11=R5/R4

Vx
V-
VCR1
0K=0C+273
Example:
If room temp is 350C (3080K)
Vx = 3.08V = V+
If U3 pin3 is adjusted to 2.73V
 V- = 2.73V
Vo15 can be obtained
Vo15 = (V+ - V-) x 10
= 0.35 x 10 = 3.5 (V)
 350C converted to 3.5V
Experiment Procedure:
Using temperature meter to record the current room temperature. 
With power off, adjust VR2 so that VR2+R3 is equal to 10k ohm.
Power on the module. Use DCV to record the voltage Vx (U1 pin3). 
Adjust variable resistor so that Vf1 is equal to 2.73 Volt.
Use DCV to record the voltage at Vo15 
What may be the reasons that cause the errors? 
Adjust VR2 so that the output at Vo15 fits the current room temperature.
Use hair dryer to blow both temperature meter and the sensor. Discuss
the results. 
9. Use graphic interface software to record the temperature from the
computer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Note: If you don’t know how to use graphic interface software, please check Unit 0.
Answers:
1.  270C
3.  Vx = 3.01V ( = 3010k = 301 - 273 0C = 280C )
5.  Vo15 = 2.93V ( = 29.30C )
6. (1) The tolerance of the sensor. i.e. I ≠ 1uA/0k
(2) The gain the differential amplifier is not equal to 10 due to the
tolerance of the resistor. i.e. R10/R11≠R5/R4 ≠10
8.  The value from the module and temperature fits well after adjusting VR2.
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Answers:
9. 
Option Setup:
Use TEMP tag
Level Setup:
Background color = yellow if measure value < 35
Background color = blue if 35 < measure value < 45
Background color = pink if measure value > 45
Humidity Sensor
Structure:
Structures:
electrode
substrate
Lead
Wires
Resistive humidity sensors measure the change in electrical impedance of a
hygroscopic medium such as a conductive polymer substrate with two separate
comb electrodes deposited on. The impedance change is typically an inverse
exponential relationship to humidity. Most resistive sensors use symmetrical AC
excitation voltage with no DC bias to prevent polarization of the sensor. The
resulting current flow is converted and rectified to a DC voltage signal for
additional scaling, amplification, linearization, or A/D conversion.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
V+
V-
• U6,R28,C3,R27,C2, and resistance at
negative feedback loop consists a
Wien bridge oscillator.  Output
frequency =1/2π(R27xR28xC2xC3)1/2
= 256 Hz
• Adjust VR25 for oscillation amplitude.
• U5 is inverting amplifier, use VR22 to
reduce output amplitude.
• U4 is differential amplifier, use R17
to adjust the gain and use R14 to
adjust input offset.
• CR2, R20, C1 converts the AC signal
into DC level.
• With properly adjusting of the variable
resistor in the circuit, the output
voltage is able to represent the value
of humidity shown below (example):
Voltage
5V
6V
7V
8V
9V
10V
%RH
50
60
70
80
90
100
Experiment Procedure:
In this exercise, you need to prepare a humidity meter.
1. Adjust variable resistor R14, R17 and CAL. to center
for initial position.
2. Power on the module.
3. Use oscilloscope to measure Vf2 and adjust VR25 until Vf2 obtain the
maximum but no distortion oscillation amplitude. 
4. Adjust VR22 until U5 pin6 is equal to 1.75 Vpp.
5. Use a lead wire to short V+ and V- terminal and adjust VR14 until Vo16 is
equal to DC 10V. 
6. Remove the lead wire and connect the lead wires of humidity sensor to V+
and V- terminal.
7. Record the value of the current humidity from humidity meter. 
8. Adjust CAL so that the Vo16 is equal to (current humidity value) / 10 Volt.
In this case, Vo16 should be equal to 4.8V.
9. Keep breathing out warm air from your mouse/nose to the humidity
sensor, what do you observe? 
Answers:
3.  Vf2PP= 20V, frequency = 250 Hz.
5.  Since three are no resistance, we assume this situation is 100%RH
7.  48%
9.  Vo16 keep increasing, but the maximum output voltage will not exceed
10V. (9.6V max = 96%RH)
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Unit 6 : KL-64006
Infrared / Ultrasonic Sensor
17. Infrared Sensor
18. Ultrasonic Sensor
Menu
Infrared Sensor
Symbol:
Structure:
Transmitter
Receiver
Anode
Transmitter
(Infrared Emitting Diode)
Receiver
(Photodiode)
Cathode
Infrared emits infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow
beam. The emitting beam of an IR LED is generally proportional to the
magnitude of the forward current (forward biased). The beam is modulated i.e.
switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode
to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current for further processing.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
VLC
Vout_U3
Vout_U2
U2: Inverting amplifier, Gain = ~1000
U3: differential amplifier, Gain = ~ 22
U4: Comparator, If V+ > V-  output = 12V || If V->V+  output = -12V
Use VR2 to adjusted the output frequency f of the 555 Timer  Q1 switches ON
and OFF  Infrared TX emits ON and OFF  If no object blocks between TX
and RX  Infrared RX receives ON and OFF  weak pulse signal input to U2
 strong pulse signal (Vpp = 12V, frequency = f) output at Vout_U2  At
resonant frequency  VLc obtain maximum Vpp  signal amplify again though
U3  CR1, C5, R13 converts the AC signal into DC signal at U4 pin3  If U4
pin3 > U4 pin2  Vo17 outputs high potential
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Use oscilloscope to observe the voltage at VLC and adjust the variable
resistor VR2 until Vout_U2 obtain the maximum peak-to-peak voltage.
3. Adjust VR3 until U3 pin3 is 0.3V lower than VLC
4. Record the voltage at U4 pin2 and U4 pin3 
5. Block an object between the sensor, what is the voltage at U4 pin3? 
6. What is the value of Vo17 when nothing block the sensor? 
7. What is the value of Vo17 when the sensor is blocked by an object? 
8. What is the current frequency of the 555 Timer output? 
Note: Step 2 and 3 are used for calibration. There are several methods for calibrating this circuit.
User can use different methods for calibration but still can obtain the same final result.
Answers:
2.  VLC = 0.07V
3.  U3 pin3 = -0.23V
4.  U4 pin2 = 0.85V ; U4 pin3 = 6V
5.  U4 pin3 = 0V.
6.  Vo17 = 11.3V = ON.
7.  Vo17 = -10.2V = OFF
8.  Frequency at U1 pin3 = 0.7 kHz~4.7 kHz
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Ultrasonic Sensor
Symbol:
Structure:
Transmitter
Receiver
Nominal Frequency: 40kHz
Ultrasonic sensors emit and receive a very high frequency sound at 40KHz,
which is so high that human can't hear them. Two sensors are identical, but, one
as the transmitter and one as the receiver . The transmitter typically sends out a
constant beam of sound and the receiver detects any sounds coming in and
gives a voltage out.
Back
Circuit Explanation (Transmitter):
When S1 OPEN:
When S1 CLOSE:
VTX
０
０
１
１
1
０
１
１
charging C6
1
(1)
０ ０
0
0
０
１
(?)
VTX
1
１
１
U5-a pin2 =1
0
discharging C6
U5-a pin3 =1
C6 fixed, no oscillation
1
0
(0)
0
０
1
1
1
0
0
U5-a pin2 =0
U5-a pin3 =1
U5-d pin13 =0
C6 charging/discharging
 oscillation
Charging C6
Circuit Explanation (Receiver):
VRX
Receiver Circuit:
• Q2 and Q3 forms a cascade amplifier.
• U6 is a voltage follower
• CR2 and C8 converts the AC signal to a DC voltage.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Put the switch S1 to ON position
3. Use variable resistor R18 to adjust the frequency transmitter so that VRX
reaches maximum peak to peak voltage. What is the frequency for at
both VTX and VRX point? 
4. Use DCV to measure the output voltage Vo18. 
5. Put an object to block between the sensor, what is the value of output
voltage Vo18? 
Note: In step 5, there must be no leakage when blocking an object between the sensor. Since the
ultrasonic sensor is very sensitive, if there’s a leakage, the output voltage won’t change too much.
Answers:
3.  Frequency at VTX = V RX= 40kHz
4.  3.5 Volt
5.  0.2 Volt
Unit 7 : KL-64007
Pressure / Strain Gauge
19. Pressure Sensor
20. Strain Gauge Sensor
Menu
Pressure Sensor
Symbol: (Equipment Circuit)
Structure:
P1: Forward Gage
+VS
P2:
Backward Gage
+Vo
4:Vo-Vo
1:GND
3:+VS
2:Vo+
GND
The pneumatic pressure sensor is based on the piezoresistive (change in
conductivity of semiconductors) effect. When a constant-current source is
applied to the bridge, the change in resistance will be converted into the change
in voltage.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
• Q1 provides fixed current source.
• U3 is non-inverting amplifier.
Gain = Vf1/V3 = (1+R13/R12) = 2
• U3 is used for output voltage
(Vo19) adjustment.
VU16
VU26
Since R8 = R14
V3
• U1 and U2 are non-inverting
amplifier.
 Use VR1 to adjust the current
through U1 feedback loop (R3)
 Use VR5 to adjust the current
through U2 feedback loop (R7)
I
When pressure inject into P1
+Vo ; -Vo VU16
 IR6 VU26
When pressure inject into P2
+Vo ; -Vo VU16
 IR6 VU26
 Vo19
 Vo19
Experiment Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Power on the module
Use lead wire to short +Vo and –Vo point.
Adjust VR1 so that VU26 is equal to 0 volt.
Disconnect the lead wire between +Vo and –Vo.
bellows
Adjust VR11 so that Vo19 is close to 1500mV.
Adjust VR5 for the fine tune so that Vo19 is equal to 1500mV.
Use bellows to input air pressure to P1. What’s the status of Vo19? 
Use bellows to input air pressure to P2. What’s the status of Vo19? 
Answers:
7.  Vo19 is lower than 1500mV. The higher the input pressure, the lower
the output voltage
8.  Vo19 is higher than 1500mV. The higher the pressure, the higher the
output voltage.
Strain Gauge
Symbol: (Equipment Circuit)
Structure:
+5V
Upper beam
Lower beam
Tension cause resistance increase
Filament
Vo-
Electrode
Tension cause resistance decrease
Upper beam
Vo+
Lower beam
-5V
The strain gauge is a tiny flat coil of conductive wire that changes its resistance
when you bend it. The idea is to place the strain gauge on a beam, bend the
beam, and then measure the change in resistance to determine the strain.
When applying a force from top, the resistance of the strain gauges at upper
beam increase while the resistance of the strain gauge at lower beam decrease.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
• When applying force from top:
Vo+ decreases; Vo- increases
• U4,U5,U6 composes an
instrumentation amplifier.
• R22 is used for output voltage
adjustment under null weight
condition.
• When apply force from the top
side of the sensor:
Vo+
Vo-
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Adjust variable resistor R24 to center
position and than adjust R22
so that Vo20 is equal to 500mV
3. Apply some force from the top of the strain gauge sensor, what
happened to the output? 
Answers:
3.  Vo20 increases. The stronger the force, the higher the output voltage.
Unit 8 : KL-64008
Hall Current / Proximity Sensor
21. Hall Current Sensor
22. Proximity Sensor
Menu
Hall Current Sensor
Symbol:
Structure:
IC
3:V+ (+12V)
5:Vin+
IP
V-
Vin+
GND
Vin-
V+
Output
4:Output VH
IP
6:Vin-
2:Ground
1:V- (-12V)
IC
Hall current sensor, based on Hall Effect technology, provides the output voltage
VH proportional to the input current IP (IP = 0~3A  VH = 0~4V) if the control
current IC is held constant.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
VH
The characteristic of the sensor is that with input current is IP 0~3A, the output
voltage VH is Vo21 0~4V.
U1 inverting amplifier  gain = Vo1/VH =- (R2+VR9) / R1
 If gain = 0.75  Vo1:VH = -1:1
U2 is inverting amplifier with gain = 1  Vo1:VH = 1:1
There are 3 offset sources in this circuit: (1) Sensor (2) U1 (3) U2  Using VR3
and VR6 to adjust he offset.
Experiment Procedure:
In this exercise, you need to prepare a current supply.
1. Power on the module
2. To minimum the offset effect, use lead wire to connect 5:Vin+ and 6:Vin(zero current input) and adjust VR3 and VR6 so that the output voltage
Vo21 is minimum. 
3. Disconnect the lead wire between Vin+ and Vin-.
4. Adjust the output current of current supply to minimum. (Important)
5. Connect current supply current output I+ to Vin+ and I- to and Vin-.
6. Increase the current to 1A and adjust R9 so that Vo21 is 1V.
7. Adjust input current to following value and record output voltage Vo21.
(0.25/0.50/0.75/1.0/1.25/1.50/1.75/2.0A ) 
Note: The input current do NOT exceed 3.0 A
Answers:
3.  15mV
4.  When I = (0.25/0.50/0.75/1.00/1.25/1.50/1.75/2.00) A
Vo21 = (0.22/0.48/0.74/1.00/1.26/1.51/1.76/2.02) V
Good linearity.
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Proximity Sensor
Structure:
Symbol: (Equipment Circuit)
VCC
Detect Head
Output
GND
LED: Indicator
Oscillator Trigger Switching
Amplifier
Inductive proximity sensors are widely used in various applications to detect
metal devices. They consist of an oscillator, trigger, and switching amplifier. If a
metal object enters the electromagnetic field of the oscillator coil, eddy currents
are induced in this coil which change the amplitude of oscillation, which causes
the trigger stage to trip and the semiconductor output stage to switch.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Vo
When no metallic object approach to the detecting head:
Vo = High  Vo22 = Low  Q1 OFF  Buzzer OFF
When a metallic object approach to the detecting head:
Vo = LOW  Vo22 = High  Q1 ON  Buzzer ON
Experiment Procedure:
1. Insert proximity sensor to 3 pin module socket.
2. Power on the module
3. Use different type of object to approach to the detecting head and
observe the result. 
Answers:
3.  When metallic type object close to the detect head, buzzer ON.
Unit 9 : KL-64009
CDS / Photovoltaic Sensor
23. CDS Sensor
24. Photovoltaic
Menu
CDS Sensor
Structure:
Symbol:
CaDmium Sulphide
(Orange part)
Lead
Wires
CaDmium Sulphide (CDS) cells, sometimes called photoresistors or
photoconductive cells, rely on the material's ability to vary its resistance
according to the amount of light striking the cell. The more light that strikes the
cell, the lower the resistance.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Vin
Vo23
When light strikes the CDS :
Sensor resistance  Vin  Q1 (NPN) ON  Q2 (PNP) ON Vo23 High
 LED1 ON
.
When no light strikes the CDS :
Sensor resistance  Vin  Q1 (NPN) OFF  Q2 (PNP) OFF Vo23 LOW
 LED1 OFF
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Block the CDS and adjust variable resistor R1 make the LED1 just from
the bright to dark.
3. What is the status of the LED1 when the light strikes the CDS? And
what is the voltage at Vin? 
4. What is the status of the LED1 when the CDS is blocked? And what is
the voltage at Vin? 
5. Use oscilloscope to observe the voltage at Vin, what is the response time when
block and unblock the CDS? 
Answers:
3.  The LED1 is ON and Vin = 3.6 V
4.  The LED1 is OFF and Vin = 0.1V
5.  Unblock to block:
response time = 150ms
 Block to unblock:
response time = 100ms
unblock
unblock
block
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Photovoltaic Sensor
Symbol:
Structure:
Photovoltaic Cell
Photovoltaic Module
Photovoltaic, or PV for short, is a technology in which light is converted into
electrical power without the aid of any external excitation power. The magnitude
of its light-sensitive electrical output signal (current or voltage) is directly
proportional to the light intensity it’s exposed to.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Ish
Vo1
U1 IV Conversion (Vo1 = Ish x (R6+VR7)
If (R6+VR7) is adjusted properly, Vo1 = 0.001V / Lx
R8, C1  Low Pass Filter out of 100 or 120 Hz flicker from fluorescent lamp)
(Fluorescent lamps which operate directly from mains frequency AC will flicker at
twice the mains frequency, since the power being delivered to the lamp drops to zero
twice per cycle. This means the light flickers at 120 times per second (Hz) )
U2 Voltage follower
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. If you have a illuminometer, check the current lumen. We assume that
the current lumen is 500 lx.
3. Adjust variable resistor so that Vo24 is equal to 0.5V.
4. Use oscilloscope to compare the waveform at Vo1 and Vo24.
5. Move the sensor close to the light source, what happened to Vo24?
6. Use graphic interface software to record the measured lumen. 
Answers:
4. 
Vo24
Vo1
Vrms = 0.5V
120Hz
5.  The output voltage increases, meaning that the lumen increases.
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Answers:
6. 
Option Setup:
Use LUX tag
Level Setup:
Background color = yellow if measure value < 1000
Background color = blue if 1000 < measure value < 2000
Background color = pink if measure value > 2000
Unit 10 : KL-64010
V/F Converter
25. V/F Converter
Menu
V/F Converter
Symbol:
Structure:
Pin14
Pin1
Pin8
Pin7
The voltage-to-frequency (V/F) converters accept a variable analog input signal
and generate an output pulse train whose frequency is linearly proportional to the
input voltage.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Rin = R1 = 1M ohm
CREF = C2 = 270p farad
From the datasheet :
VR8 is used to adjust the VREF
VR2 is used for fine adjusting output frequency
VR11 is used to adjust the input level of comparator U2.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module.
2. Adjust variable resistor R8 until pin7 of the U1 is equal to -4 Volt.
3. On the KL62001 main unit, connect VR3 to GND, VR1 to +5V, and VR2
connects to Vin.
4. Use DCV to measure the Vin and adjust the potentiometer until Vin is
equal to 1V.
5. From the formula with VREF = 4V and Vin = 1V, we can obtain that
Fout (Vo25-2) = 926 Hz  Fout/2 (Vo25-1) = 463 Hz
6. Use oscilloscope to measure Vo25-1. Adjust variable resistor R2 until
the output frequency is equal to 463 Hz  Calibration Complete
7. Use oscilloscope to record Vo25-1 and Vo25-2. 
8. Adjust VR2 on the main unit so that Vin is equal to 2V
9. Compare the result by using formula and oscilloscope. 
10. Connect Vo25-1 to Vin2, what happened to the speaker? 
11.Connect Vo25-2 to Vin2, what happened to the speaker? 
Answers:
(7).
7. 
Vo25-1(Fout/2) = 463 Hz
Vo25-2(Fout) = 926 Hz
9. 
From the formula:
Fout = 1852 Hz
Fout/2 = 926 Hz
From the oscilloscope:
Vo25-1(Fout/2) = 929 Hz
Vo25-2(Fout) = 1.86 KHz
10. 
Speaker output sound with
frequency of 929 Hz
11. 
Speaker output sound with
with frequency of 1.86 KHz
Fout / 2 (square)
Fout (pulse)
(9).
Fout / 2
Fout
Unit 11 : KL-64011
F/V Converter
26. V/F Converter
Menu
F/V Converter
Symbol:
Structure:
Pin14
Pin1
Pin8
Pin7
The frequency-to-voltage (F/V) converters accept any input frequency waveform
and provides a linearly-proportional voltage output.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
Rint = R10 = 1M ohm
CREF = C2 = 150p farad
From the datasheet :
Note that Resistor, Capacitor and
Reference voltage have natural tolerance.
U1 is a level shifter. Use VR19 to adjust the input voltage levels.
VR2 is used for fine adjusting output voltage
U3 is a ripple filter and voltage amplifier. Use VR15 and VR17 for tuning.
Experiment Procedure:
In this exercise, you need to prepare a function generator.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Power on the module.
Adjust variable resistor R19 to center
for initial position.
Use a lead wire to connect Vin and Ground.
Since there are no signal input to the converter, the output voltage
should be zero. So adjust variable resistor R6 until Vo26 is equal to 0 V.
5. Disconnect the test lead and Input a 4.3kHz, 2VPP Sine wave to the Vin.
6. Adjust R15 and R17 until Vo26 is equal to DC 4.3V (observe by DCV)
and the sawtooth ripple is minimized (observe by oscilloscope, use AC
coupling, scale = 100mV). Both conditions should be satisfied. 
Calibration Complete.
7. Change the input frequency to 500/1000/1500/2000/2500/3000/3500
and 4000 Hz. What are the corresponding output voltage? 
Note: If no input signal detected, use VR19 for input level adjust.
Answers:
7. 
Vin (Hz)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Vo26 (V)
0.498
1.000
1.501
2.003
2.501
3.002
3.504
Good Linearity
Unit 12 : KL-64012
Temperature (PT100) Sensor
27. Temperature (PT100) Sensor
Menu
Temperature (PT100) Sensor
Symbol:
Structure:
Stainless-steel protection tube
(Platinum wired wound inside)
Current In B
B’
Voltage Out
B’
A
B
B=B’
A
PT-100 is one form of the RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector). It is
made of the platinum wire and has the resistance of 100 ohm at 00C. The
resistance vs. temperature characteristic of PT-100 can be expressed as:
RT = 100 (1+0.00392T)
If constant current I of 2.55mA flow through PT-100
VB’ = I x RT = (255+T)mV
Back
Circuit Explanation:
VB’ = (255+T)mV
V16 = (2550+10T)mV
VB’
V27 = 100T mV
V16
Vo27
Vf1
•
•
•
•
•
VR2 is used to control the constant current source to 2.25mV
U1 is non-inverting amplifier
 V16= (2550+10T) mV
U2 is differential amplifier
U3 is voltage follower
 Adjust VR14 to control Vf1 (offset of U2)
So if Vf1 = 2550mV  Vo27 = 100T mV  Conversion Ratio = 100mV / 0C.
Experiment Procedure:
In this exercise, you need to prepare a thermometer (mercury) for calibration.
1. Using thermometer to record the current room temperature (T). 
2. Connect 2 lead wires (white) to B and B’, and lead wire (red) to A.
3. Power on the module.
4. Adjust VR2 until VB’ = (255+T)mV 
5. Adjust VR14 until Vo27 is equal to T/10 V (Calibration complete) 
6. Put both PT-100 and the mercury thermometer inside hot water.
7. What is the value shown on the mercury thermometer? 
8. What is the output voltage of Vo27? 
9. Put both PT-100 and the mercury thermometer inside cold water.
10. What is the value shown on the mercury thermometer? 
11. What is the output voltage of Vo27? 
12. What’s the difference between AD590 and PT100 temperature sensor? 
Answers:
1.  270C
4.  VB’ = 282mV
5.  Vo27 = 2.70V
7.  54.30C
8.  5.45 Volt (=54.50C)
10.  110C
11.  1.05 Volt (=10.50C)
12.  The response time of PT100 is much slower than AD590.
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental dependent.
Unit 13 : KL-64012
Level (Water) Sensor
28. Level (Water) Sensor
Menu
Level (Water) Sensor
w3
w2
w1
Upper Floor Water Tank
w5
w4
Bottom Floor Water Tank
• Sensor A,B,C represents 3 levels in Water Tank
located at Upper Floor. (short for UFWT)
• Sensor D,E represents 2 levels in Water Tank
located at Bottom Floor. (short for BFWT)
• A motor is used to pump the water from the BFWT
to UFWT.
Conditions to be satisfied: (Meanings of w1~w5 is
explained in next slide)
• Anytime when w4 / w5 occurred  Motor stop
pumping since BFWT lack of water to pump.
• When w3 occurred  Motor not pumping since
UFWT get enough water.
• When w3 change to w2  Motor not pumping
since UFWT still have enough water
• When w2 change to w1  Motor start pumping
since UFWT lack of water.
• When w1 change to w2  Motor still pumping
since motor will pump until water reach HIGH level
• When w2 change to w3  Motor stop pumping
since UFWT got enough water.
Back
(I) w1 represents water at UFWT is LOW level
(II) w2 represents water at UFWT is MEDIUM level
(III) w3 represents water at UFWT is HIGH level
(IV) w4 represents water at BFWT is LOW level
(V) w5 represents water at BFWT is HIGH level
(I)
(III)
(II)
w3
w2
w1
(Sensor A
inside water)
Upper / Low
Upper Floor Water Tank
(IV)
(Sensor A B
inside water)
Upper / Medium
(V)
Note: Use 2 water cups to
simulate UFWT and BFWT
and use 5 lead wires to
simulate water level sensors
w5
w4
Bottom Floor Water Tank
(Sensor A B C
inside water)
Upper / High
(Sensor D
inside water)
Bottom / Low
(Sensor D E
inside water)
Bottom / High
Circuit Explanation (BFWT case):
Vd
Vf
Vh
Vg
Vh
Vg
Vi
Va
Vb
Vc
• When BFWT/LOW  D,E opened  Va=Low  Vb=High  Vc=Low  Motor OFF
• When BFWT/HIGH  D,E short  Va=High  Vb=Low  Vc=High  Q2 ON
Circuit Explanation (UFWT case):
Vd
Vf
Vh
Vg
Vh
Vg
Vi
Va
Vb
Vc
• When UFWT/HIGH  A,B,C short  Vd=High, Vi=High  Vf=Low, Vg=Low Vh=High  Q1
OFF  Motor OFF
• When UFWT/HIGH >MEDIUM  A,B short  Vd=High, Vi=Low  Vf = Low  Vg=Low since
Vh=High from previous status  Q1 OFF  Motor OFF
• When UFWT/MEDIUM > LOW  A,B,C open  Vd=Low, Vi=Low  Vf=High  Vh=Low 
Vg=High  Q1 ON  Motor ON if Q2 ON
• When UFWT/LOW > MEDIUM  A,B short  Vd High, Vi=Low  Vf = Low  Vg=High since
Vh=Low from previous status  Q1 ON  Motor still ON if Q2 ON
• When UFWT/MEDIUM>HIGH A.B.C short  Vd=High, Vi=High  Vf=Low, Vg=Low  Q1
OFF  Motor OFF
Experiment Procedure:
In this exercise, you need to prepare 5 lead wires to simulate A/B/C/D/E sensors and 2 water cups to
simulate Upper and Bottom water tank.
1. Use 3 lead wires to connect A,B, and C terminals and put the other end of the
three lead wires inside water cup (Upper Tank). Note that all three ends need to
be entirely under water.
2. Use 2 lead wires to connect D,E terminals and put the other end of the two lead
wires inside another water cup (Bottom Tank). Note that both ends need to be
entirely under water.
3. Power on the module, what’s the status of the motor? 
4. Remove lead wire C from upper cup, what’s the status of the motor? 
5. Remove lead wire B from upper cup, what’s the status of the motor? 
6. Remove lead wire E from bottom cup, what’s the status of the motor? 
7. Put lead wire E back to the bottom cup, what’s the status of the motor? 
8. Put lead wire B back to the upper cup, what’s the status of the motor? 
9. Put lead wire C back to the upper cup, what’s the status of the motor? 
Answers:
3.  Motor OFF (UFWT full, no need pumping)
4.  Motor OFF (UFWT still have enough water, no need pumping)
5.  Motor ON (UFWT lacks water, need pumping water from BFWT)
6.  Motor OFF (BFWT lack of water to pump to UFWT)
7.  Motor ON (BFWT got enough water to pump to UFWT)
8.  Motor ON (Once starts pumping, motor pumps until water reach HIGH level)
9.  Motor OFF (UFWT full, no need pumping)
Unit 14 : KL-64014
Fiber Optics
29. Fiber Optics
Menu
Fiber Optic
Structure:
Receiver:
(Phototransistor)
1000um core jacketed
optical fiber
Anode
Cathode
Cathode
Anode
Transmitter
(IR LED)
Symbol:
Transmitter
Receiver:
(IR LED)
(Phototransistor)
Locking Nut
When the fiber optic transmitter (IR LED) is driven by certain amount of current, it
emits signal with spectrum peaking at 950 nm. The signal pass through the
internal micro-lens and couple into standard 1000 um plastic fiber cable. The
signal is then received by fiber optic receiver (phototransistor, 400~1100nm) and
converted into electrical signal for further circuit processing.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
High
High
High
Transmitter Circuit:
C1, R2 and VR3 charging/discharging at U1b pin4 and pin5 (relaxation oscillator)
 U1d and U1C (buffer and driver) On/Off  Q1 On/Off  IR LED blinking 
Use VR3 to adjust the output frequency.
Receiver Circuit:
Receive IR blinking signal  Q2 On/Off  Q2 output waveform sharpen at
output of U2-d and U2-c (Vo29).
Experiment Procedure:
1. Cut off the ends of the optical fiber with a single edge razor blade or sharp knife.
Try to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Insert the fiber through the transmitter and receiver locking nut and into the
connector until the core tip seats against the internal micro-lens.
3. Screw the connector locking nut down to a snug fit, locking the fiber in place.
4. Power on the module.
5. Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to the cathode of the transmitter. What is the
shape of waveform? 
6. Adjust VR3 until the frequency at cathode of the transmitter is equal to 2kHz.
7. Connect CH2 of the oscilloscope at DATA1, what’s the frequency? 
8. Connect CH2 of the oscilloscope at Vo29, what’s the frequency? 
Answers:
5.  Square wave (4.5Vpp)
7.  2kHz (inverting)
8.  2kHz (non-inverting)
Unit 15 : KL-64015
LVDT
30. LVDT
Menu
LVDT
Symbol:
Structure:
Stainless Steel Housing
S1
P
S2
Knob
Ferromagnetic Core
Linear Variable Differential Transformer comprises 1 primary coil and 2
secondary coils. When primary coil is energized by a constant amplitude AC
source, the magnetic flux thus is coupled by the core to the adjacent secondary
coils. The voltage developed at the secondary coils S1,S2 depend on the
position of the core. When the core is located at the center (Null Point), VS1=VS2.
When the core is located close to the S1 side, more flux is coupled to S1 side,
VS1>VS2, and vice versa.
Note: The optimum operating frequency for the LVDT using in KL64015 is 350Hz at 5Vrms (14.14Vpp)
Back
Circuit Explanation:
P
S1
S2
•
•
•
•
•
•
U1,R1,C1,R2,C2, and resistance at negative feedback loop consists a Wien
bridge oscillator.  Output frequency =1/2π(R1xR2xC1xC2)1/2 = 338.6Hz for
energized AC source.
R3,R4, VR5, R6 determine the output amplitude.
CR1 and CR2 are used to improve the stability of the output amplitude.
Q1 and Q2 are used to improve the driver ability.
CR3, C4, R10 and CR4, C5, R11 convert the AC output voltage to DC.
U2 and U3 are voltage followers which are used as buffers.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module.
2. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to P terminal and adjust VR5 so that the voltage Vp
is equal to 14Vp-p. What is the frequency of the excitation energy of LVDT?
3. Adjust the knob until DC voltage of Vo30-1 and Vo30-2 are equal.
4. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to S1 and CH2 to S2 terminal, what do you find? 
5. Use ruler to measure the total visible length of the screw. What is the outside
length of the screw now? 
6. Try to draw the relation between the position of the core and output voltage.
7. What is the resolution of this LVDT? 
Answers:
2.  338 Hz.
3.  Vo30-1 = Vo30-2 = 6.2V, the core is located at Null point now.
4.  Two waveforms are identical (Vpp = 14V, f = 338Hz)
5.  Length = ~ 4mm
Note: The answers are used for reference only, the measured voltage is environmental senst\itive
Answers:
6. 
Null point 4.8mm
7.  +0.25V/ mm for Vo30-1
 - 0.33V/ mm for Vo30-2
Unit 16 : KL-64016
Rotation Angle Sensor
31. Rotation Angle Sensor
Menu
Rotation Angle Sensor
Structure:
Plastic Housing
Symbol:
Knob
Vout
CCW
Excitation
Voltage
Output
CW
(sliding connection)
Sometimes called potentiometers, voltage dividers or variable resistors, the
precision potentiometric position transducers are widely used in measuring linear
distance, angles or rotations in production equipment. It is a three terminal
resistor where the position of the sliding connection is user adjustable via a knob.
The sensor used in this experiment is a multi-turn potentiometer (10 turns) with
an attached reel of wire turning against a spring.
Back
Circuit Explanation:
•
•
•
U1 (Buffer Amplifier) provides a precision reference voltage at Vf1.
U2 (Buffer Amplifier) transfers the voltage from U2pin3 to U2pin6.
U4 (Buffer Amplifier) provides fix voltage (adjusted by VR7) at U4pin6 to
control the current flow through feedback loop to obtain a stable output at
Vo31.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Power on the module
2. Adjust variable resistor VR7 to center
for initial position.
3. Rotate the potentiometer from most CCW to most CW position. How
many turns is built in the potentiometer? 
4. How many degrees you have rotate in step 2? 
5. Fix the potentiometer at 36000 Adjust the variable resistor VR2 until
Vo31 is equal to 3.600V.
6. Rotate the potentiometer in CCW direction for 5 turns. Adjust the
variable resistor VR7 until Vo31 is equal to 1.800V.
7. Measure and record the output voltage Vo31 for each following turn
values. 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10 turns
Answers:
3.  10 turns
4.  36000
5. 
Turns
1
3600
2
7200
3
10800
4
14400
5
18000
6
21600
7
25200
8
28800
9
32400
10
36000
Vo31 (V)
0.359
0.719
1.079
1.440
1.802
2.162
2.522
2.882
3.241
3.601
Good Linearity