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Introduction to Grammar L/O: • to revise/learn the basics of grammar • to focus on the noun Key terms: Grammar – the set of structural rules that controls the way language works. There are 3 aspects to grammar: word class, syntax and morphology • word class = define the roles that each word can play in a sentence • syntax = the set of rules that control where each word class can appear in a sentence • morphology = describes the construction of individual words Word Classes: there are 8 main word classes (or parts of speech) which are categorised by the function they have in a sentence. Word Class Function Example Nouns ‘naming’ words London, book, love Adjectives Describe nouns/pronouns Large, happy, thick Verbs ‘doing’ words Jump, sleep, think Adverbs Describe verbs (and sometimes adjectives and other adverbs too) Happily, sadly, silently Pronouns Take the place of a noun You, they it, me, him Connectives/ conjunctions ‘connecting’ words But, so, and, however, because, as Prepositions Define relationships between words in terms of time, place and direction Before, through, on, under, by, at Determiners Give specific kinds of information about a noun (quantity or possession) A, the, two, his, few, those 1. Label each word class in the sentence below 2. Categorise the list of words, according to word class, in the grid 1. 2. He watched as she crossed the road in her short skirt and high heels. A Appears Becomes Shop Harbour Enormous Rather Slow Teacher Dignified Door Bedroom Outstandingly Sells Untidy Helpful Is Large Moderately Every Very Frightening His Angry 1. He watched as she crossed the road in her short skirt and high heels. Pronoun, verb, conjunction, pronoun, verb, determiner, noun, preposition, pronoun, adverb, noun, conjunction, adverb, noun. 2. Nouns: shop, harbour, teacher, door, bedroom Adjectives: enormous, slow, dignified, untidy, helpful, large, every, very, frightening, angry Verb: becomes, sells, is Adverb: outstandingly, moderately, very Pronouns: his Conjunctions: Prepositions: Determiners: a, his Let’s talk about nouns, baby Copy and underline the nouns in the sentences. How did you work out they are nouns? What is the difference between the nouns? Challenge: identify the other word classes in the sentences 1. Tentatively, she opened the book. 2. I have always wanted to live in Canada. 3. What was this he was feeling - love or hate? 4. She had never been one to follow the ‘herd’. Nouns can be divided into categories: Proper: Names of specific people (Ms. Elgie), places (Canada) or brands (Primark) Common: Concrete – things you can physically touch or see or taste (apple, table, swing) Abstract – concepts (truth), states (lonely), qualities (honesty), emotions (love) Collective – groups of people, animals or things (team, bunch, herd) Using the text I’ve given you… Underline and label all of the nouns. Which is the most common type of noun? How are the different types of nouns being used in this text to affect readers?