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A
noun is a person, a place, a thing, or an
idea.
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
Person: man, Barack Obama, Superman
Place: city, state, Alabama, Childersburg
Thing: dog, car, Monte Carlo
Idea: peace, love, humility, happiness
 The
man went down to his car to get his
wallet.
 I understand all of the material for the test.
 The dog eats his food every single day.
 Singular
nouns name one person, one place,
one thing, or one idea.

The car runs well.
 Plural
nouns name more than one person,
place, thing, or idea.

The cars run well.
 Possessive


nouns show ownership.
The baby’s bottle
The babies’ bottle
A
concrete noun names an object that
occupies space or that can be recognized by
the five senses.


Rock, air, book, electricity
An abstract noun names an idea, a quality,
or a characteristic.

Peace, love, wisdom, bravery, happiness
A
proper noun names a particular person,
place, thing, or idea.
 A common noun names a general person,
place, thing, or idea.
Common
Proper
Person
actor
Mel Gibson
Place
city
Childersburg
Thing
dog
Champ
Idea
religion
Christianity
A

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
collective noun names a group.
Family
Team
Press
Population
Board
Flock
Herd
A
pronoun is a word that takes the place of a
noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or
another pronoun.
Singular
Plural
1st Person
I, me
We, us
2nd Person
You
You
3rd Person
He, him, she,
her, it
They, them
A
possessive pronoun takes the place of a
possessive form of a noun.
Singular
Plural
1st Person
My, mine
Our, ours
2nd Person
Your, yours
Your, yours
3rd Person
His, her, hers,
its
Their, theirs
A
reflexive pronoun refers, or reflects back,
to a noun or pronoun earlier in the sentence.
 An intensive pronoun adds emphasis to
another noun or pronoun in the same
sentence.
Singular
Plural
1st Person
Myself
Ourselves
2nd Person
Yourself
Yourselves
3rd Person
Himself,
herself, itself
Themselves
A
demonstrative pronoun points out specific
persons, places, things, or ideas.
Singular
This
That
Plural
These
those
 An
interrogative pronoun is used to form
questions.

Who?
What?
Whose?
Which?
Whom?
A
relative pronoun is used to begin a
subordinate clause.
Who
Whoever
Which
That
Whom
Whomever
Whichever
What
Whose
Whosoever
Whatever
 An
indefinite pronoun refers to persons,
places, or things in a more general way than
a noun does.

See chart on page 451 for a list of these
pronouns.
A verb is a word that expresses action or a state
of being and is necessary to make a statement.
 An action verb tells what someone or something
does.
 A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a
sentence with a word or expression that
identifies or describes the subject.
 A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its
auxiliary, or helping, verbs.

 An
adjective is a word that modifies a noun
or pronoun by limiting its meaning.

An adjective answers the following questions:




What kind?
Which one?
How many?
How much?
(round table)
(these books)
(twelve disciples)
(many ideas)
 Adjectives
have three degrees of
comparison:

Positive: one thing


Comparative: comparing two things


The lamp is bright.
This lamp is brighter than that lamp.
Superlative: comparing three or more things

This lamp is the brightest of all.
 Articles


are the adjectives a, an, and the.
A and an are indefinite articles.
The is a definite article.
 Proper
adjectives are formed from proper
nouns.

English, Alabamian, Japanese, American
 An
adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb by making its
meaning more specific.

Adverbs answer the following questions:




When?
 I will call tomorrow.
Where?
 The speaker will stand here.
How?
 Kim carefully polished the car.
To what extent?
 We were truly sorry.
A
preposition is a word that shows the
relationship of a noun or pronoun to another
word in the sentence.


Prepositions begin phrases that end with a noun
or pronoun that is called the object of a
preposition.
See page 473 for a list of prepositions.
A
conjunction is a word that joins single
words or groups of words.
A
coordinating conjunction joins words or
groups of words that have equal grammatical
weight in a sentence:

And, but, or, so, nor, yet
 Correlative
conjunctions work in pairs to
join words and groups of words of equal
weight in a sentence.

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Both…and
Just as…so
Either…or
Neither…nor
Not only…but
Whether…or
A
subordinating conjunction joins two
clauses, or ideas, in such a way as to make
one grammatically dependent on the other.


A
These conjunctions join a dependent
(subordinate) clause to an independent clause.
Look on page 477 for some examples
conjunctive adverb is used to clarify the
relationship between clauses of equal weight
in a sentence.
 An
interjection is a word or phrase that
expresses emotion or exclamation.


Ouch! That hurts!
Wow! That is amazing!