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Language Language – our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning Language can be….. Language Structure • Phonemes • Morphemes • Grammar – Semantics – Syntax All languages contain…. Phonemes • The smallest units of sound in a language. • English has about 44 phonemes. Example: How many phonemes does platypus have? Morphemes • The smallest unit of meaningful sound. • Examples : – Can be words like a or but. – prefixes or suffixes…”ed” at the end of a word means past tense • • How many phonemes in cats? How many morphemes in cats? How many phonemes and morphemes? Phonemes • • • • • • • Rich Hat Knock Bring Through Strict Stretch Morphemes • • • • • • • Bats Called Nightly Luck, lucky, unlucky Coolness Zebras Defroster Language Structure • Grammar: The rules of a language. – Example: Subject/verb agreement - singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. – Semantics - rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. • Examples: – Arms race means weapons race, not body parts race – ed on the end of a word makes it past tense – Syntax: the order of words in a language. • Examples: – Adjectives come before nouns – Don’t use dangling participles, run on sentences, fragments Is this the White House or the House White? Language Acquisition • Receptive language – Ability to comprehend speech – Begins at @ 4 months – Can read lips – 7 mo. Can segment spoken sounds into individual words – Can listen to an unfamiliar language • Productive language – Ability to produce words with meaning – Starts around 4 months of age with babbling Language Acquisition Stages that we learn language… 1. Babbling Stage – make speech sounds both in and out of native language – First able to discriminate speech sounds – Example: Ba da ta 2. Holophrastic Stage/one word stage – Productive language begins (speaking meaningful words) – Receptive language (comprehension of meaning) – Example: Momma, dada, dog 3. Telegraphic Stage/two word stage Grammatically correct 2 word saying Contains mostly nouns and verbs Follows rules of syntax Example: Want juice – Overgeneralization - extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm, – – – – • Example: Mommy holded the baby 4. Speaking in Complete Sentences How do we learn language? 1. Behaviorist Theory 2. Nativist Theory Behaviorist Theory • B.F. Skinner • Association – sights and sounds • Imitation – modeling others • Reinforcement- by smiles and hugs Chomsky’s Theory Inborn Universal Grammar • Universal language acquisition device – In born (innate)readiness to learn grammatical rules – Prewired to learn language, social interaction turns the switch on • The stages of language development occur at about the same ages in most children, even though different children experience very different environments. • Universal grammar – common grammatical building blocks that all languages share (inborn). • Children use nouns first before they learn verbs or adjectives • All languages have nouns and verbs, subjects and objects, negations and questions • If there is a word purple in a language it will also have a word for red • Example: Overgeneralization Overgeneralization • Overgeneralization Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms – Supports Chomsky’s Universal Grammar • Example: “I goed to the store to get cookies”, “I rided my bike” Statistical Learning and Critical Periods • Statistical Learning – discerning word breaks, analyzing which syllables most often go together • Infants up to the age of 10 months can do this, after that they become functionally deaf to other languages • Critical Period – sensitive period for mastering certain aspects of language • Children not exposed to language by age 7 gradually lose ability to master any language • Learning a language as an adult you will always speak with an accent • Most easily master language as a child • Your little sister says: “Taked cupcake!” Explain how this utterance may illustrate the following language concepts: phoneme, morpheme, telegraphic speech, language acquisition device. Whorf’s Linguistic Determination Hypothesis • The idea that language determines the way we think. • The Hopi tribe has no past tense in their language, so Whorf says they rarely think of the past. • Underestimates how much thinking occurs without language Thinking and Language • Bilingual advantage • Thinking and images • Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts.