Download Reported speech

UNIT 6
California
By ep715. Creative Commons
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Reported speech
We can report another person’s words in two different ways:
 by repeating the exact words spoken (direct speech)
 by reporting the words spoken (reported or indirect speech)
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use
direct speech in writing, we use quotation marks.
Example: Molly said: "There is a lot of traffic."
Reported speech doesn't repeat the exact words spoken and we don't
use quotation marks. It's usually used to talk about the past, so we
normally change the tense of the words spoken.
Example: Molly said there was a lot of traffic
Reporting statements We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', and we may use
the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.
The man said, "I saw her." The man said that he had seen her.
Reported questions, normal word order is used: subject verb, because the
sentence becomes a statement, and there is no auxiliary DO, DOES, or DID.
She asked, "Where is he?" → She asked where he was
Compound nouns
Here we have some common compound nouns in English: wildlife,
shopping list, hand cream, toothbrush, apple pie, credit card, haircut,
passer-by, crossword, hairdresser
As you can see, some are written as separate words, others are written
together, and others are joined by a hyphen. However, all of them are
formed by two words working as a single noun.
Another characteristic of this type of nouns is that they can be formed by
different combinations of words, for example:
noun + noun- toothbrush
adjective + noun - wildlife
verb + noun - shopping list
noun + preposition - passer-by
noun + verb - haircut
Reported commands
The tourist guide told Paco and the other tourist:
“Don't visit L.A. without our help”!
“Visit Hollywood and its popular Walk of Fame”.
“Don't miss the original Disneyland in Anaheim”.
“Come to Beverly Hills”.
“Sunbathe in Malibu wonderful beaches”.
(These sentences are in direct speech)
The tourist guide told Paco not to visit LA without their help. And to visit
Hollywood and its popular Walk of Fame. She also told them not to miss
the original Disneyland in Anaheim. And also to come to Beverly Hills and
to sunbathe in Malibu wonderful beaches
(Now they are in reported speech. All of them are commands)
False friends
One of the great things about learning English is that many words have
the same roots in the Romance languages (Spanish, for example) and
English. However, there are also a lot of words that look similar in our
language but the meaning is different. These are called false friends,
or false cognates. This is one of the biggest difficulties for students of
English. There are also semi-false cognates: words that can only
sometimes be translated by the similar word in the other language.
Some of the most common false friends are: actually, large,
sympathetic, advice, carpet, exit, support, argument, lecture, collar,
casualty, library, etc.
A narrative
A narrative is an account of a sequence of events, usually in
chronological order. Anyone has a chance to relate a story that
only he or she can tell. Whether it comes from a personal
experience or is one that the writer has imagined. By using
sensory details, the five Ws and H (who, what, where, when,
why, and how), and basic story structure, any subject can be
made exciting. Narrative writing is one of the most common
types of writing assignments.
A successful narrative should have:
A opening paragraph sets the scene establishing the situation: it
gives details of time, place, people and atmosphere)
Paragraph 2 develops the story, describing specific and completed
actions
Final paragraph or conclusion tells how the story ended with the
final consequences