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Download 二. Back-formation逆生法I. Definition
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BACK-FORMATION ----By the fourth group 二. Back-formation逆生法 I. Definition: Back-formation is an abnormal type of wordformation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from an already existing longer word in the vocabulary. beg ← beggar edit ← editor The nouns beggar, editor appeared first in the English language , and then the verb beg and edit. The majority of back-formed words are verbs, for verbs can develop (or generate) a number of nouns, and various types of participial adjectives. 大多数逆生词是动词,因为(通过派生法)动词 可以派生出许多名词和各种分词形容词。 to create → creator, creation, creating, created Therefore, when people come across one or more apparently deverbal nouns, they often take it for granted that there must be a corresponding verb. (因此,当人们遇到一个或更多的貌似由动词转化而 来的名词时, 他们想当然认为与该名词一定有一个 与之对应的动词). II. Classification: According to its origin, back-formation may be formed from the following parts of speech (词类). A. Verbs back-formed from nouns ending in – er , -ar , -or, -sion , -tion, etc.(P.82) to automate(使自动化) ←automation to edit← editor to televise(电视播送)to televise← television to appreciate← appreciation to negate(否定; 否认)← negation to butch(屠宰)← butcher to destruct ← destruction to audit(审计)← Auditor(审计员) to spring-clean(大扫除)←spring-cleaning to proofread(校对)←proofreader B. Verbs back-formed from nouns in other forms or from adjective: to diagnose← diagnosis(noun) to enthuse (使热心,表示热心)← enthusiasm (noun) to laze(懒惰,混日子)← lazy (adjective) to drowse (打瞌睡)← drowsy (adjective) C. Many new back-formation verbs come from compounds: to house-keep ←housekeeper to sight-see ←sight-seeing D. A few nouns back-formed from adjective greed (n.) ← greedy (adjective) gloom(昏暗, 阴暗)(n.)← gloomy (adjective) Caution: Some back-formations in English come from words ending in –s that were singular but were mistaken for plurals,such as sherry(from the earlier sherris,taken as a plural),and pea(from pease).And this device is also used to produced nonce words,such as pensable(from indispensable )and gainly(from ungainly). Conclusion: Back-formed words created by backformation can be used to enhance different styles of writing: some in political or scientific styles of writing, some in colloquial or journalistic style. In modern English, a number of backformation words have become the common core in the English vocabulary, such as air-condition, automat, beg, edit, televise, etc.