Download Nine Weeks Test #2 - Coshocton High School

Review
• Textual evidence is the details or direct quotations from a text
to support an answer.
• Example Question:
• Which sentence from the passage best shows how powerful the meteorite
was?
• A. “Suddenly, he heard a sharp, whining sound like the engine of a
high-flying jet airplane.”
• B. “Then a ball of fire roared overhead, followed by a searing gust of
wind.”
• C. “The shock wave knocked David to the ground, his ears ringing”
• D. “A second later, he heard an explosive, hissing crash up ahead.”
• An inference is a reasonable guess. To draw an inference, you
combine clues from the text and the information you already
know.
• Example:
• Which sentence from the passage best supports the conclusion that Jason
is fascinated by the story of discovery?
• A. “It was unbelievable, all this pushing and shoving.”
• B. “When there was only one left, Jason took off running with it like a
dog with a prize bone.”
• C. “That man had left home with almost nothing to his name, Jason
thought, just like I did.”
• D. “It could have been Jason Hawthorn dragging a fortune in gold off
that ship.”
• Simile – A simile is when two things are directly compared
because they share a common feature. The word AS or LIKE is
used to compare the two words.
• Example: The dog shot out of the chute LIKE a rocket as it
chased the rabbit.
• The dog isn’t a rocket, but the speed with which it runs is
compared to that of a rocket.
• A metaphor also compares to things, but it does so more
directly WITHOUT using “like” or “as”.
• Example:
• The family was an old tree with deep roots and rings to show how much it
had weathered.
• (The family isn’t a tree, but like a tree, it has roots that represent how a
family has different members and similar ancestors.)
• An allusion is a reference to a real or fictitious person, event, place, work of
art, or another work of literature within writing.
• In order for an allusion to be effective, the reader must be familiar with the
original work that is being referred to.
• Example:
• People hardly recognized Kayla when she arrived to the prom in a limo
and wore her mother’s beautiful gown. Kayla was the Cinderella of the
senior class.
• (Readers who know that Cinderella is a character who was given a
magical evening know what the author means by this statement.)
• Other Examples:
• “I can tell by your silly smile that you’ve been struck by Cupid’s arrow.”
• “That old woman is fighting a David and Goliath court battle with the
huge corporation.”
• “Time to wake up, Sleeping Beauty. You have to get ready for school.”
• Tone is the reflection of an author’s attitude toward his or her
subject.
• An author’s tone gives the reader an idea about how the author
feels about a certain subject.
• Tone can be recognized by looking at an author’s word choice.
• “I love to swim, and I miss the community swimming pool very
much. Last week, when I heard that the city closed the pool, I
felt depressed. There are not that many safe activities that we
kids can do during the summer. Swimming at the pool was
something that my friends and I could all do and feel safe. Now
all our fun times are only memories. Please reopen the
community swimming pool as soon as possible so that we can
stop moping around. Let me and my friends know what we can
do to help raise money that the city needs for the pool.”
• In the previous passage, the author does not live that the city
closed the community swimming pool. Think about how the
author uses language to show ho sad he or she is about the pool
being closed:
• In the first sentence, the author says that he or she misses the pool and that
he or she “felt depressed.” These are ways of expressing the author feels
sad.
• When the author states that his or her “fun times” at the pool are “only
memories” this shows that the author is sentimental and sad.
• In the next sentence, the author says that the pool should be reopened so
that his or her friends “can stop moping around”. This adds to the author’s
sad tone by painting a gloomy picture.
• Irony is used to express the exact opposite of its literal
meaning. It is the difference between what appears to be and
what actually is.
• There are three main types of irony:
• Situational Irony
• Dramatic Irony
• Verbal Irony
• Situational irony occurs when a reader or character expects one
thing to happen, but something entirely different happens.
• (In other words, it is when something unexpected (or
inappropriate) happens.
• Writers use situational irony to make their stories interesting or
humorous.
• Example: A cartoon that depicts an animal trainer getting
trapped in a cage while the animal guards the key to the cage.
This is unexpected and a bit humorous. In realistic works of film
and literature, people are civilized and free whereas animals
are controlled.
• Dramatic Irony is the contrast (difference) between what a
character thinks to be true and what the reader knows to be
true. It occurs when the meaning intended by a character’s
words or actions is opposite of the true situation. The character
cannot see or understand the contrast, but the audience or
reader can.
• Richard went to Ellen’s house to surprise her with a gift. “Happy birthday!”
he exclaimed excitedly while he hid a bouquet of flowers behind his
back. “Thank you, my friend,” Ellen said while she flipped through TV
channels on her remote control. “I’m glad you didn’t get me flowers for
my birthday. I don’t like flowers.”
• (This is an occurrence of dramatic irony because the author tells the
reader beforehand that Richard brought Ellen flowers. The reader knows
that the statement “you didn’t get me flowers” is false, but Ellen believes it
to be true.
• Dramatic Irony is used to show that the audience knows more
than the character on stage. A character does or says
something of greater importance than he or she knows. The
audience, however, understands the meaning and importance of
the act or speech. Dramatic irony is often used to produce
suspense or humor.
• The difference in the knowledge of character and the audience
can produce suspense. Generally, dramatic irony is used to
create suspense in tragedies or mysteries.
• Example: In Sophocles’ play Oedipus the King, Oedipus does
not know that he is the murderer that he is seeking. The
characters of Creon and Jocasta do not know the reality about
Oedipus either. However, the audience knows all along that
Oedipus was destined to commit the murder and ends up doing
it. The plot of the play and the actions of Oedipus create and
build suspense.
• The difference in the knowledge of characters and the audience
can produce humor as well. Dramatic irony is mostly used to
create humor in comedies.
• Example: In Shakespeare’s play Much
• Verbal irony is when someone says one thing but means
something different. This type of irony is very similar to sarcasm.
• My friend Margie is studying for an advanced college degree.
One evening, she sat across from me at the county library.
“What’s that you have there?” I asked her. Margie peered at
me from behind a very tall stack of books and replied, “Oh, just
a little reading.”
• Margie’s remark is an example of verbal irony. She doesn’t
really think that her stack of books is light reading. More than
likely, her tall stack of books contains very challenging
information. Her intended meaning is the exact opposite of
what she is saying.
• There are almost endless way two stories or passages can
differ. It’s up to you to notice how.
• The following slides contain some definitions to help get you
started.
• Scope – the range of observation, extent, time frame
• Example:
• The scope of the Star Wars Trilogy is wider than that of just Star Wars
itself.
• Treatment – the manner of treating a subject in literature
• Example: The treatment of the following passage is light and
simple.
• I say it’s time we give our brother the whale a break, folks. Let’s stop
hunting them for our amusement parks and just let them live a long
prosperous life in the big ocean.
• Organization - the structure, or order, of a passage
• Example: Is the passage chronological? (In order of time.)
• Example: Is the passage according to highlights? (main points)
• Example: Is it ordered by cause and effect?
• Story Variants – the small details in the texts which change the
meaning or offer new information
• Theme – the subject, topic or focus
• Example: Sometimes two passages can be about completely different
people or events and still share a theme. To discover this, think about what
the two selections might be trying to communicate to you. What is the
theme of each of the texts?
• Subjects and verbs must agree with one another in number. In
the present tense, a singular subject takes a singular verb, and
a plural subject takes a plural verb.
• The following slides list common subject-verb agreement rules.
Singular verbs end in –s.
Unlike nouns, the plural form of a verb is not made by adding –s
or (-es) to the ending. It’s actually the opposite. For present-tense
verbs, adding the –s to the end makes it singular. If the verb is
plural, there is no –s ending used.
Singular – The pilot flies the airplane.
Plural – The pilots fly the airplane.
• Compound subjects with and take a plural verb.
• A subject that is made up of two or more nouns is a compound
subject. When the parts are connected by and, the subject is
plural, so it takes a plural verb.
• Ex. The boy and his companion walk along the pier.
• Ex. The athlete, the agent, and the owner agree to the terms.
• Subjects with singular nouns joined by or or nor take a singular
verb.
• Ex. Either the dog or the cat goes to the vet today.
• Ex. Neither the hiker nor the mountaineer needs a map.
• Subjects with a singular noun and a plural noun joined
by or or nor take the verb that agrees with the closer noun.
ex. Ted or his parents walk the dog daily.
ex. Neither the sailors nor their captain enjoys a harsh
storm.
• Subjects are not in modifying phrases.
• When the subject and the verb are separated by other words
or phrases, make sure the verb agrees with the subject, not with
a noun within the phrase.
Examples:
One of the packets contains a surprise.
The people along the boardwalk watch the tourists.
The man with all the dogs walks about dizzily.
• Don't let those phrases fool you.
• Phrases using with, together with, including, accompanied by, in
addition to, or as well do not change whether a subject is
singular or plural. If the subject is singular, the verb should be as
well.
• The young cadet, accompanied by his leader, runs to the rescue.
The sea captain, as well as his sailors, is hungry for adventure.
• Nouns with a plural form but with a singular meaning take
singular verbs.
• Nouns such as United States, civics, mathematics, measles,
and news take singular verbs.
• The United States contains many people.
The news is good.
• Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers,jeans, and shears take
plural verbs.
• These nouns may appear to have a singular meaning, but each
of these things is made up of two parts.
• Trousers make the man.
Tweezers are nifty tools.
• Collective nouns usually take singular verbs.
• A collective noun has a singular form even though it refers to a group of
individuals or things. Examples
include army, audience, crowd, group, team,committee, class, and family. These
nouns take a singular verb when the group acts as one unit.
• The team runs around the track after practice.
The committee elects new members.
The family goes to the park.
• However, a plural verb is used when people or things within a group act
separately.
• The retired group have gone their separate ways.
The class disagree on which method is best.
• If the subject follows the verb, the subject and verb should
still agree.
• When the normal subject-verb order is inverted in a sentence,
the verb still agrees with the subject. For example, in sentences
beginning with there orhere, the subject follows the verb. Since
neither there nor here is ever the subject of a sentence, the verb
agrees with the noun that follows the verb.
• There are clues to be found.
Here is your snack.
• With words that indicate portions, look to the object of the
preposition.
• With words that indicate portions—percent, fraction, part,
majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth—look at the
object of the preposition (the noun following the of phrase) to
determine whether to use a singular or plural verb.If the object
of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object
of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb.
• Three-fourths of the pizza has been eaten.
One-half of the pizzas were topped with pepperoni.
• Indefinite pronouns are words that replace nouns without
specifying which noun they replace. It is important to know
which indefinite pronouns are singular, plural, or both. This will
help you to know which verb to use.
• Singular Indefinite Pronouns
•
Here are some examples:
• another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody,
everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing,
one, other, somebody, someone, something.
• Singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs.
• examples:
• Each of these tests gets easier and easier.
•
Everybody knows who will win tonight.
•
Either is okay with me.
• Plural Indefinite Pronouns
•
Here are some examples:
• both, few, many, others, several
• Plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs.
• examples:
• Both know what to expect.
•
Few ever fall the second time.
•
Many imagine only the best.
• Singular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns
• Here are some examples:
• all, any, more, most, none, some
• The pronouns all, any, more, most, none, and some take a singular or a plural
verb depending on whether what they refer to is singular or plural.
• examples:
• Singular
Plural
• All of the newspaper is wet.
All of the members do as they please.
• Most of the sky is clear of clouds. Most of the shirts are ruined.
• Because a pronoun refers to a noun or takes the place of that
noun, make sure that you use the correct pronoun. This way, the
reader clearly understands the pronoun and its reference. The noun
that a pronoun replaces is called the antecedent. Below are some
basic rules for pronouns:
1.
•
Pronouns should agree in number.
If the pronoun takes the place of a singular noun, you have to use a singular
pronoun.
•
If a student parks a car on campus, he has to buy a parking sticker.
(Not: If a student parks a car on campus, they have to buy a parking
sticker.)
• Remember: The words EVERYBODY, ANYBODY, ANYONE, EACH, NEITHER,
NOBODY, SOMEONE, A PERSON, etc., are singular and take singular
pronouns.
•
Everybody ought to do his best.
(Not: their best)
•
Neither of the girls brought her umbrella.
(Not: their umbrellas)
• 2. Pronouns should agree in voice or person.
•
If you are writing in the first person (I), don't confuse your reader by
switching to the second person (you) or third person (he, she, they, it,
etc.).
•
Similarly, if you are using the second person, don't switch to first or
third person.
•
•
When a person comes to class, he should have his homework
ready.
(Not: When a person comes to class, you should have your
homework ready.)
• 3. Pronouns should refer clearly to a specific noun.
•
Don't be vague or ambiguous. The sentences below are examples of vague and
ambiguous pronoun references.
•
Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged.
(Is "it" the motorcycle or the tree?)
•
I don't think they should show violence on TV.
(Who are "they"?)
•
Vacation is coming soon, which is nice.
(What is nice, the vacation or the fact that it is coming soon?)
•
George worked in a national forest last summer. This may be his life's work.
(What word does "this" refer to?)
•
If you put this sheet in your notebook, you can refer to it.
(What does "it" refer to, the sheet or your notebook?)
• Irony is the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite
of its literal meaning. Because of this, it depends on the perceived
and real attitude of the speaker.
• Heavy-handed irony—where a speaker or character strongly
states the opposite of the truth—is called sarcasm. People
sometimes use sarcasm to ridicule or mock someone or
something. Sarcasm is used mostly in speech.
• Words can do many amazing things! They can make you feel a
certain way, and they can even make you laugh. You can use
words to be fun and playful. Puns are a way that writers use and
play with words.
• Some words have multiple meanings. Some words sound the
same but have different meanings. A pun is when you play with
those different meanings to be funny or clever.
• When a clock is hungry, it goes back four seconds.
Analogies
An analogy is a comparison between two pairs of words. It shows a
relationship between the words that are being compared. Analogies
can use different types of relationships to compare words. Review
the following examples.
• Part/Whole
• Dallas is to Texas as Chicago is to Illinois.
• Peel is to banana as shell is to almond.
•
Item/Purpose
• iPod is to play music as shovel is to dig holes.
• Arms is to hold as legs is to walk.
•
Antonym
• Liquid is to solid as lumpy is to smooth.
• Appetizing is to tasteless as courageous is to cowardly.
•
Synonym
• Reveal is to expose as conceal is to cover.
• Help is to assist as deceive is to mislead.
• Characteristic
• Hard is to diamond as silky is to petal.
• Sandy is to beach as furry is to cat.
•
Association
• Airplane is to sky as ship is to sea.
• Gasoline is to automobile as sunlight is to plant.
•
Object/Location
• Tree is to forest as dog is to kennel.
• Student is to school as picnic table is to park.
•
Cause/Effect
• Necessity is to invention as virus is to illness.
• War is to treaty as overeating is to weight gain.
• Denotation is the literal dictionary meaning of a word. Connotation,
however, is the emotional suggestion of a word.
• Words express more than just their dictionary definitions, also known
asdenotation. Words can bring up pictures or stir feelings in the
reader.Authors use connotation to influence their readers and
support their point of view. For example, look at these two words
below that have the denotation "different from the ordinary."
• strange
• extraordinary
• Which word has a positive connotation? Which one has a negative
connotation? If you wanted to give a classmate a compliment on a
painting she created, would you say, "Your painting is strange," or
would you say, "Your painting is extraordinary"?
• Although the two words mean the same thing, strange has a
negative connotation. Therefore, your classmate may not take
strange as a compliment. Below are more examples of positive
and negative connotation:
• Negative: Kate was an immature woman who giggled a lot.
• Positive:
Kate was a youthful woman who giggled a lot.
• Negative: Mr. Lambert tells everyone that his son is the mayor
of Avalon. He is a haughty father.
• Positive:
Mr. Lambert tells everyone that his son is the mayor
of Avalon. He is a proud father.