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Unit 1 Advertising Grammar and usage Direct speech and indirect speech: What are “direct speech and indirect speech? And when do we use them? 1. We use direct speech to report what exactly has been said. If we write the speech down, the words will usually appear in quotation marks. e.g. Tom said, “I have previewed Grammar and usage.” ↘ Tom 2. We often use indirect speech to report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words. e.g. Tom said that he had previewed Grammar and usage. Comparing the examples, we can see the changes in “personal pronouns & tenses”. More examples: She said, “I’m used to ads.” She said that she was used to ads. The table below shows how we usually change the tenses when the reporting verb is in the past tense. Direct speech Reported speech Simple present Simple past Present continuous Past continuous Simple past Past perfect Present perfect Direct speech Reported speech Simple future Future in the past Past perfect Past perfect Present perfect Past perfect continuous continuous Ditto! True or false: “Light travels as great speed.” he said. → travels at He said that light traveled at great great speed. speed. F We do not change the tense when we report a fact that does not change over time. More practice: 1. He said, “We exchange gifts at Christmas.” → He said (that) they exchange gifts at Christmas. 2. He said, “ Magnet (磁铁) attracts iron.” → He said that magnet attracts iron. 3. The teacher said, “The earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man.” → The teacher told us that the earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man. 定语从句 How to change this sentence? Tom said, “I’m working here today.” → Tom said he was working there that day. The following table shows other examples of such changes: reported speech direct speech today tomorrow yesterday next month last year a week ago → that day / yesterday / on Wednesday, etc. → the next day / the following day / on Thursday , etc. → the day before / the previous day / on Tuesday, etc. → the month after / the following month / in July, etc. → the year before / the previous year etc. → a week before / a week earlier, etc. In addition to the above changes, we have the following: direct speech reported speech this that these those come go Reported speech: (1) statements We use noun clauses introduced by “that” to report statements. e.g. 1. She said, “Advertisements are an important part of our lives. → She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives. 2. “PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said. → The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free. Besides “tell, say”, the following words are also used to report statements: advise agree explain remind suggest insist promise warn Change this sentence into indirect speech: Mary asked Ann, “Are you the happiest person in the world?” → Maryasked asked Ann that she waswas thethe happiest Mary Ann whether / if she happiest whether she was the person in in the world. person the world? happiest person in the Right? world. Is “if” OK? ★We use noun clauses introduced by whether / if to report yes / no-questions. e.g. “Are all ads playing tricks on us?” I asked her. → I asked her whether / if all ads are playing tricks on us. How to change this one? I asked her, “How can that be true?” → I asked her how whether if that that/can be can true.be true. OK? ★ We use noun clauses introduced by whwords to report wh-questions. More practice: 1. “Where did you find the advertisements for jobs abroad?” Bill asked. → Bill asked where I had found the advertisements for jobs abroad. 2. “When did you get the tickets for the concert?” I asked Wang Hua. → I asked Wang Hua when he had got the tickets for the concert. Please try to change this into indirect speech: The writer said, “Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.” → The writer to that thinkwe about why we should do The writertold toldusus thought about why the should things the suggested. we doad the things the ad suggested. OK? ★ To report imperative sentences, we use the structure: reporting verb + obj. + (not) to-infinitive More practice: 1. The salesman said to me, “Read what some of our satisfied customers say.” → The salesman asked me to read what some of their satisfied customers said. 2. “Don’t worry, Mickey,” Jen said. → Jen asked Mickey not to worry. ☆ There are other verbs that can be used in this structure to report imperative sentences: advise encourage invite remind warn e.g. 1. “Don’t believe every advertisement you read,” Michelle said to me. → Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read. 2. “Don’t forget to take your medicine, Dad,” my daughter said. → My daughter reminded not to forget to take my medicine.