Download Unit 1 Advertising

Unit 1 Advertising
Grammar and usage
Direct speech and indirect speech:
What are “direct speech and indirect speech?
And when do we use them?
1. We use direct speech to report what exactly has
been said. If we write the speech down, the words
will usually appear in quotation marks.
e.g. Tom said, “I have previewed Grammar and
usage.”
↘ Tom
2. We often use indirect speech to report the
meaning of what has been said without using the
exact words.
e.g. Tom said that he had previewed Grammar
and usage.
Comparing the examples, we can see the
changes in “personal pronouns & tenses”.
More examples:
She said, “I’m used to ads.”
She said that she was used to ads.
The table below shows how we usually
change the tenses when the reporting verb is
in the past tense.
Direct
speech
Reported
speech
Simple present Simple past
Present
continuous
Past
continuous
Simple past
Past perfect
Present
perfect
Direct
speech
Reported
speech
Simple future
Future in the
past
Past perfect
Past perfect
Present
perfect
Past perfect
continuous
continuous
Ditto!
True or false:
“Light travels as great speed.” he said. →
travels at
He said that light traveled
at great
great speed.
speed. F
We do not change the tense when we report a fact
that does not change over time.
More practice:
1. He said, “We exchange gifts at Christmas.” →
He said (that) they exchange gifts at Christmas.
2. He said, “ Magnet (磁铁) attracts iron.” →
He said that magnet attracts iron.
3. The teacher said, “The earth contains a large number of
metals which are useful to man.” →
The teacher told us that the earth contains a large number
of metals which are useful to man. 定语从句
How to change this sentence?
Tom said, “I’m working here today.” →
Tom said he was working there that day.
The following table shows other examples of
such changes:
reported speech
direct speech
today
tomorrow
yesterday
next month
last year
a week ago
→ that day / yesterday / on
Wednesday, etc.
→ the next day / the following day /
on Thursday , etc.
→ the day before / the previous
day / on Tuesday, etc.
→ the month after / the following
month / in July, etc.
→ the year before / the previous
year etc.
→ a week before / a week earlier, etc.
In addition to the above changes, we have
the following:
direct speech
reported speech
this
that
these
those
come
go
Reported speech: (1) statements
We use noun clauses introduced by “that” to report
statements.
e.g. 1. She said, “Advertisements are an important part
of our lives. →
She said that advertisements are an important part of our
lives.
2. “PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said. →
The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.
Besides “tell, say”, the following words are also used to
report statements:
advise agree explain
remind suggest
insist
promise warn
Change this sentence into indirect speech:
Mary asked Ann, “Are you the happiest person
in the world?” →
Maryasked
asked
Ann
that she
waswas
thethe
happiest
Mary
Ann
whether
/ if she
happiest
whether
she
was
the
person
in in
the
world.
person
the
world?
happiest
person
in the Right?
world. Is “if” OK?
★We use noun clauses introduced by whether
/ if to report yes / no-questions.
e.g. “Are all ads playing tricks on us?” I
asked her. →
I asked her whether / if all ads are playing
tricks on us.
How to change this one?
I asked her, “How can that be true?” →
I asked her how
whether
if that
that/can
be can
true.be true. OK?
★ We use noun clauses introduced by whwords to report wh-questions.
More practice:
1. “Where did you find the advertisements
for jobs abroad?” Bill asked. →
Bill asked where I had found the
advertisements for jobs abroad.
2. “When did you get the tickets for the
concert?” I asked Wang Hua. →
I asked Wang Hua when he had got the
tickets for the concert.
Please try to change this into indirect speech:
The writer said, “Think about why you should do the
things the ad suggests.” →
The writer
to that
thinkwe
about
why we
should
do
The
writertold
toldusus
thought
about
why
the should
things the
suggested.
we
doad
the
things the ad suggested. OK?
★ To report imperative sentences, we use the
structure: reporting verb + obj. + (not) to-infinitive
More practice:
1. The salesman said to me, “Read what some of
our satisfied customers say.” →
The salesman asked me to read what some of
their satisfied customers said.
2. “Don’t worry, Mickey,” Jen said. →
Jen asked Mickey not to worry.
☆ There are other verbs that can be used in this
structure to report imperative sentences:
advise encourage invite remind warn
e.g.
1. “Don’t believe every advertisement you read,”
Michelle said to me. →
Michelle advised me not to believe every
advertisement I read.
2. “Don’t forget to take your medicine, Dad,” my
daughter said. →
My daughter reminded not to forget to take my
medicine.