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Computer
Hardware & Software
Hardware Fundamentals
• Based on the binary system
• Consists of the CPU, Memory, and
peripherals
The Basics
• Bit
– Stands for Binary Digit
– Represents the smallest unit of data in a
computer system
– Can be either a 0 or a 1
• Byte
– Consists of 8 bits
– Used to store one number or one character
– Can hold
• Data
• Addresses which point to another location
Most Popular Code Sequences
• EBCDIC
– Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code
– Used in all IBM machines and many
mainframe computers
• ASCII
– American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
– Used in micro computers (other than IBM)
– B it-sequences used to create letters and
numbers
Memory & Storage Size
• Kilobyte
– 1024 Bytes
• Megabyte
– 1024 Kilobytes
• Gigabyte
– 1024 Megabytes
Core Components of the
Computer
• Central Processing Unit - CPU
• The computer can only process one
instruction at a time
• Processing time is reduced by having more
data closer to the CPU
Levels of Memory
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CPU Chip registers
CPU Chip Cache
RAM
Hard Disk Cache
Hard Disk
Floppy disk, CD-ROM, Tape, etc.
Storage
• Primary Storage
• Secondary Storage
CD-ROM
• Speeds of CD-ROMs and recordables are
measured by
– Access Time
– Transfer Rate
• 1st CD-ROMs had speeds of 600
millisecond access time and transfer rates
of 150 KB.
• Speeds are now up to 32 times the original
speed (32X).
Speed Factors
• Word Length
• Clock speed
• Bus Width
Methods to Increase Computer
Capabilities
• Adding wider buses
– going from 16 to 32
• Adding specialized buses
– Video drivers
• Adding additional registers
– Increase from 16 mb to 24 mb
• Adding Cache
– Holds part of main memory on the CPU chip
– Stores data most likely to be used next
Peripherals
• Printers
– Dot Matrix
– Inkjet
– Laser
Peripherals
• Modems
• Modem = Modulate demodulate
• Connects you computer to the outside
worlds
• Modulate - Converts a digital signal into an
analog one
• Demodulate - Converts an analog signal to
a digital one.
Hardware - Video
• 2 major components
– Monitor
– Display Adapter (Video Card)
• Monitor
– Pixels
– Dot pitch
– Vertical refresh rate
Hardware - Video
• Display (video) adapter - accepts info from
the CPU and sends it to the monitor to
display the image
– Get one with an accelerator chip. The video
card will have its own processing chip. Freeing
up the CPU to do other things.
– The video card should also have its own
memory (at least 1 MB).
Software
Software
• “The programs, routines and symbolic
languages that control the functioning of
the hardware and direct its operations
• Types of Software
– Operating Systems Software
– Applications Software
Operating Systems Software
• The operating system facilitates
communications between the human and
the CPU
• Operating system allocates resources,
schedules submitted requests and monitors
system activity
• Example, Loads and controls execution of
other programs
• Example, manages the storage of data on
disks
Applications Software
• Programs that are written for specific
purposes to perform functions required by
clients
• Examples include accounting software,
payroll processing, MS Word, Excel, etc.
• Applications software has been developed
to create and/or used for presentations,
multimedia, databases, entertainment,
communications, and a host of other uses.
Computer Programming and
Languages
• Source code is created using a computer
programming language
– Cobol, C++, Powerbuilder, etc.
• Compiler checks for syntax and translates
source code into object code
• Basic and Scripting languages use an
interpreter to translates and execute each
statement
• Link editor combines several objects to
create a load module for execution
Object-Oriented Programming
• Visual Programming
– Building software by selecting and arranging
programming objects rather than writing
program code
• Uses Classes and Sub-Classes
– Employees would be a class
– Contractors would be a Sub-class
JAVA
• A special object-oriented programming
language developed by Sun Microsystems
• Designed to run on any architecture without
modifications
• Programs are called applets
• Since they can run on any architecture,
applets can easily be placed on the internet
without regard of the receivers architecture
• Dramatically reduces cost of building
software because only one version is required
to meet all needs
Powerpoint
What is Powerpoint ?
• The component of the Microsoft Office
Suite used to create professional-quality onscreen presentations, overhead
transparencies, and 35mm slides
The Interface
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Menu Bar
Tool Bar
Maneuvering between slides
Viewing Techniques
Creating, Opening, and Saving
Presentations
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Creating
Using the Slide Master
Opening existing presentations
Saving presentations
Help
Entering Content
• Text
– Formatting
• Fonts, Bold, Color, etc.
– Tools - Spell Checker
• Clip Art
• Tables
• Multimedia
– Resizing and Scaling Objects
Printing the Presentation
• Printing the presentation normally
– Click the Print Icon
– Click File….. Print
– Click OK
• Printing multiple slides per page
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Click File….. Print
Change from Slides to Handouts
Can choose 2, 3, or 6 per page
Click OK
Slide Show Techniques
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Manual slide shows
Automatic slide shows
Annotating
Building slide text
– Flying from the top
– Checkerboard in