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OPERATING SYSTEMS
• They enable access to programs,
accessories and other hardware. An
operating system is just as essential to a
computer as the computer’s hardware.
• An Operating System (OS) is the actual
software that controls the allocation and
use of a computer’s hardware.
• The OS keeps components workinf in
unison, acting as a communicator between
the user the computer’s hardware and
software
• Operating Systems basic tasks like
recognizing input from the keyboard or
mouse, sending output to the video screen
or printer, keeping track of files on the
drives, and controlling peripherals such as
printers and modems.
OPERATING SYSTEM’S
COMPONENTS
• User Interface
• Kernel (OS Executive)
• File Management System
The User Interface
• It is what users see onscreen and interact
with when giving a computer either by
typing and commands.
• Communicates to the computer either by
typing commands at a command prompt
or by issuing commands through a
graphical user interface (GUI)
The Kernel
• Its job is to regulate disk files, memory
management, program objectives and
tasks, and program execute and process.
• It is considered the operating system’s
core because it controls a computer’s
hardware, and is responsible for either
directly activating computer hardwar e or
for interfacing with software that drives the
hardware.
The File Management System
• It is the operating system’s organizer,
arraging files inheirarchical tree-like
structure the root directky.
• Filename extensions declare files’ type:
txy indentifies text data; jpg,bmp and gif
extensions identify graphic files.
HOW DOES AN OPERATING
SYSTEM WORK?
• It takes charge of important activities from
the boot up process to the shutdown
process.Once up an running, the operating
system manages memory; saves, deletes,
and retrieves data; arranges to display
data on the monitor; sends data to the
printer; responds to kestrokes; recognizes
mouse clicks; and reads and writes data to
the hard and floopy disks.
MAJOR OPERATING
SYSTEMS
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CP/M: An Early Operating System
MS-DOS and PC-DOS
Microsoft Windows
OS 2
MAC OS
Unix
Linux
CP/M: An Early Operating
System
• In 1973, a man named Gary Kildall wrote
the first PC operating system (using the
PL/M program language he invented)
called Control Program for Microcomputer
(or CP/M). Initially CP/M ran on the Intel
8008 chip, and later translated to the 8080
chip.
• IBM approached Kildall to discuss
licensing terms for his CP/M operating
system. When Kildall missed that
oppointment, the IBM executive went on to
his next appointment—with a company
named Microsoft. (kildall denies the
accuracy of the missed-appointment story)
Microsoft’s Bill Gates seized the licensing
opportunity immediately. The rest—Gates’
licensing DOS to IBM—is history.
MS-DOS and PC-DOS
• The ‘Quick and Dirty Operating System,’
first developed by Tim Patterson of Seattle
Computer Products, was purchased by
Microsoft for$100,00. Microsoft then
rifened Q-DOS and named it microsoft
Disk Operating System.
MS-DOS 2.x
• -it accompanied IBM's PC XT
computer,offering a 10 MB hard drive,
three new expansion slots, and a serial
interface.
• - the PC XT gave users more flexibility
with 128 KB of RAM and a floppy drive.
• - MS-DOS 2 introduced the DOS file
system's familiar heirarchical "tree"
structure.This "tree" structure is a
cornerstone for other operating systems
like Unix and Linux as well as Windows.
MS-DOS 3.x
• in this version the hard drive grew: MsDOS 3 accommodated that growth.
• - IBM's PC AT computer--available with a
20 MB hard drive--included the MS-DOS 3
with its 256 KB of RAM, 6 MHz processor,
and 1.2 MB floppy drive.
• - MS-DOS 3.1 included IBM's PC network,
a workgroup- like networking structure.
• - by the late 1980s, DOS had evolved
through two more versions:
• 3.2 and 3.3.
• - by the way of those upgrades, hard disk
partition size had grown to 32 MB.
• - the "new" DOS now supported Token
Ring networks, and a more compact
3.5"floppy disc which could accommodate
up to 1.4 MB of space.
MS-DOS 4.x
• - it was a significant change from its
predecessors.The imployed DOS shell
gave the users to manage files, run
programs and perform basic maintenance
included a limited graphical interface and
DOS shell access via a mouse.
MS-DOS 5.x
• it is introduced in early 1990s that some
new utilities that users have come to
depend on.
• - UNFORMAT.EXE and UNDELETE.COM
make accidentally "lost" data easier to
retrieve.
• - DOSKEY.COM makes it possible to use
the up arrow key to scroll through the list
of previously issued commands, saving
users from having to re-type the same
thing over and over.
• -EDIT.COM replaced the former EDLIN.COM (a
very basic and unfriendly text editor) to provide a
popular simple text editor.
• - QBASIC was also introduced to create an
interface for writing and running BASIC
programs.
• -once more upgrade featured in version 5.x gave
users the option of loading drivers into upper
memory-thereby expanding conventional
memory.
MS-DOS 6.x
this version was introduced in the early 90's led
to new computing heights. The improvements
was highlighted by new anti-virus software,
backup software, defragmenting ability, new
configuration possibilities, and additional
commands.
• - DriveSpace is a disk compression program.it
is a built-in Windows compression utility that was
introduced a part of MS-DOS 6.x. Compression
utilities are used optimize available hard drive
space by "intercepting" files, then compressing
them prior to actually storing them. It is also
possible to buy third party disk compression
utilities like WinZip.
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WINDOWS
• - by 1974 Xerox had developed the
friendly systems we take for granted
today. Xerox's Alto workstation featured
the first graphical user interface, mouse,
and computer-to-computer
communication.
• - Unfornately, their short-sighted
executives saw no future for the personal
computer, and chose to bank on their
copier business rather than their
improvements to personal computing and
• networking. And this turned out to be a big
mistake.
• - by the late 1980's, even as the DOS was
evolving and improving, its limitations were
becoming obvious.
• - Computer- using customer (especially
the at-home, technically unsophisticated
users) wanted machines and software
designed and written for no- technical
consumers. Without a graphical interface,
MS-DOS did not meet the ease -ofaccess and ease-of-use needs of the
growing modern computer customer base.
• - Apple and Microsoft caught on to the
• market early, incorporating Alto's userfriendly technology into their own software
development, modifying the Macintosh
and Windows operating system software
to accommodate user needs. The result:
Macintosh's and Windows' now familiar,
user-friendly graphical interfaces that
takes technical monotony out of computer
access.
WINDOWS' EVOLUTION:
Windows 1.x
• - it is looking more "graphical" than its
DOS underpinnings. It is still did not
feature the icons we ahve come to
recognize in today's graphical user
interfaces.
• - some Window 1 features, however-menu
systems, tiled windows, and mouse
access-created a benchmark for future,
even more advanced Windows versions.
• - Windows 1.x also introduced limited
multitasking to the PC world.
• - multitasking gave personal computer
users the illusion that multiple tasks could
simultaneously be managed. In actuality,
multitasking manages multiple tasks by
spending a fraction of a second of each
task, before switching to another,
eventually cycling through all the task
currently running. At no time is the system
actually managing more than one process
at a single time, it just appears that way.
Windows 2.x
• in the late 1980's came the familiar
access- making icons of today's interfaces
with Windows 2. Along the icons, Windows
2 allowed overlapping (not just tiled)
application windows. In the Windows 2
supported program information files (PIF),
giving users configuring power to run DOS
application more efficiently. An enhanced
version of Windows 2-Windows/386,
designed to be compatible with Intel’s 386
processor- permitted multiple extended
memory DOS sessions.
Windows 3.x
• In 1990, Windows 3 brought its File
Manager, Program Manager, and network
support to its ever-adapting functions.
Windows 3.0’s 386 Enhanced mode
opened up the hard drive to virtual
memory, supplementing the computer’s
RAM.
• Better graphical and multimedia capability,
improved error-protection, and easier
application cooperation with object linking
and embedding (OLE) accompanied
Windows 3.1’s 1992 introduction.
• Windows 3.11 did not add any features,
but fixed bugs present in Windows 3.1.
• Windows for Workgroups added support
for peer-to-peer networks into Windows
3.x (Windows 3.1 and Windows 3.11 are
both referred to as Windows 3.x). Users
could share files and printers while setting
limited security to resources. Windows for
Workgroups also added an e-mail
application and a schedule sharing
application.
Windows 95
• As hardware and software continued to
improve, DOS became an obsolete
foundation to the Windows graphical
interface. In a move to accommodate
ever- expanding modern software and
hardware capabilities, Microsoft integrated
its friendly Windows shell with its operating
system to create a major breakthrough in
the operating system market.
• Up this point, Windows was simply a
management program that ran on top of
DOS. Windows users still had to boot their
machines to a DOS prompt before
• accessing the Windows interface. The
core operating system that started with
Windows 95 is the Windows 9x-based
operating system. Windows 95,98, and
ME are all Windows 9x-based operating
system.
• Windows 95 was released in August of
1995; Microsoft has made numerous
changes and additions to the operating
system. There are four versions A, B, and
C.
• Windows 95 is a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit
operating system. 32-bit code is used as
often as possible for speed and stability,
but 16-bit code is present to ensure
• compatibility with older DOS and Windows
3.x software (backward compatibility).
• Windows 95 encourages the use of 32-bit
hardware drivers, despite its support for
16-bit DOS, which enables compatibility
with old hardware. While the 32-bit code in
Windows 95 provides increased stability
over Windows 3.1, the legacy 16-bit code
still leaves the operating system
vulnerable to crashes.
• Windows 95 can be used as a complete
product for new system or as an upgrade
to Windows 3.x.
Windows 98
• Major revisions to Windows 95 culminated
in Microsoft’s introduction of Windows 98.
Operating intuitively, much like its
Windows 95 predecessor, Windows 98 is
a more polished version of Windows 95
offering enhanced features.
• Enhanced support for multimedia
hardware and software, multiple monitor
support, and a helpful Maintenance
Wizard are a few of Windows 98 features
that distance it from its Windows 95
cousin.
• Windows 98’s most notable change was to
integrate the Internet Explorer 4.0 browser
into the operating system. This has since
become the center for a lot of litigation.
• Windows 98 brings FAT32 support to the
retail customer. A conversion program
(CVT.EXE) is provided to allow users to
upgrade their FAT partitions to FAT32.
Windows Millennium Edition
(Windows ME)
• While still a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit operating
system, Windows ME takes extensive
steps to hide the DOS environment from
users in an attempt to make the system
even more friendly.
• Windows ME introduces system recovery
features that allow the computer to recover
from corrupted system files.
Windows XP
• It is formerly known by its code name
Whistler, which is the Microsoft’s major
operating system release.
• Windows XP is the end of the line for the
six-year-old Windows 9x operating system
core.
• Microsoft intends to combine all the ease
of-use, multimedia, and gaming features
that were brought to life in the Windows 9x
core with the stability, 32-bit performance,
and security of the NT core
OS/2
• IBM operating system upgrade led to the
emergence of the OS/2 family.
• OS/2 was one of the most powerful
operating systems available when it was
initially released, but lack of support has
forced this operating system to disappear
from the mainstream market.
• The first OS/2 incarnation was designed
to accommodate the 286-processor.
• OS/2 version 2 needed at least a 386
processor and offered a 32-bit code.
• OS/2 version 3 was called OS/2 Warp,
featured 32-bit code, graphical interface,
and preemptive multitasking. OS/2 Warp
was also designed to take advantage of
the 486 processor. OS/2’s development
has paralleled its Windows counterpart,
and holds on to some loyal users.
MAC OS
• Apple Computer gave its system 7
operating system a new name in 1997:
The Apple Computer operating system
has held on to a piece of the operating
system market despite of Microsoft’s
dominance.
• Mac OS’s easy-to-use GUI interface and
standard Plug-and-Play hardware
configuration have made it very popular
among its legion of dedicated users. The
Mac OS has proven to be a great tool for
• graphics development and multimedia
applications; however, the Mac OS suffers
because it lacks compatibility with
software applications enjoyed by PC
users.
• Mac OS X was a newest operating system
for the Macintosh which introduced in the
year 2000 that builds its users-friendly
graphical interface on a more robust/
stable UNIX based foundation.
UNIX
• UNIX operating system offers major
complexity, stability and power that is for
users whose power needs are huge and
complex.
• Despite its cryptic, text-based interface,
UNIX still maintains a loyal following
because it rarely “crashes”. UNIX system
administrators speak sometimes of UNIX
based computers that run for years
without needing a reboot. Newer
innovations for UNIX, like graphical
• interface, have made it even more popular
among personal computer purists.
LINUX
• It is a free UNIX-type operating system
originally created by Linus Torvalds with
the assistance of developers around the
world. Developed under he GNU General
Public License, which is the source code
for Linux, is freely available to everyone.
• Linux’s gaining popularity is no doubt due
to its reputable UNIX lineage and
unbeatable price. Linux suffers from the
same barrier that prevents UNIX from
being accepted as a consumer operating
system: its cryptic command line interface.
• Fortunately, Linux has a large community
of hardcore users who are constantly
improving the operating system. These
improvements include a graphical
interface and greater networking
capabilities. As a sign of the times Linux
operating system will continue to gain in
popularity and challenge the computing
industry’s dependence on Microsoft’s line
of network operating system.
BITS & BYTES
• The computer only understand two things;
those two things are
• ON and OFF
• On is represented by the number (1) while
off is represented by (0).
• This is based on the Binary number
system and these digits are known as
bits.
• Bits- is a contraction of the words Binary
DigiT in order for the computer to save
information it saves it in terms of Bytes.
• Bytes – is a contraction of the word
BinarY digiTs Eight. This means that one
BYTE consists of eight bits. A byte is
necessary in order for the computer to
store a character of information. So, in
terms of storage space a byte can be
considered to be the size of a character.
• Kilobyte Approximately 1000 bytes. A
kilobyte can store up to 1000 characters of
Information.
• Megabyte Approximately 1 Million bytes.
A megabyte can store up to 1 Million
character of information.
• Gigabyte Approximately 1 Billion bytes.
Gigabytes can store up to 1 Billion
characters of information.
FILES
• Files are clumps of computer data stored
somewhere in your computer. Each file
has a name, a location, and a length,
and usually a date of when it was last
changed.
• Files are stored in several places
• On floppy disks
• On hard drives
• On CD’s
• In the computers memory (RAM)
• In the computers special read only
memory (ROM)
• On tapes of a tape back- up device
• Any files that are in the memory of the
computer are lost when the power is
turned off. That is not as scary as it
sounds because what you usually have in
memory is only a temporary copy of the
file, the original stays on the hard drive or
floppy drive or wherever it is usually kept.
Pretty well the only time the original is in
memory is when you are creating a new
file and haven’t saved it yet.
What do files do?
• Files hold and store information that can
be read by the computer.
What kinds of files are there?
• All files are the same, they all have a
name, a location, a date and they all hold
information. However, they can hold lots of
different kinds of information, so we often
think of this as different kinds of files.
• TABLE
What do you do with the files?
• What you do with the file depend on the
type of information that it holds, but some
things can be done with all files.
• Run them- if they hold a program.
• Look inside them- if they hold graphics
information or text.
THE END!!!!!