Download Operating Systems

Operating Systems
CIT 1100
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Operating Systems
Command Line Interface
c:\
Graphical User Interface
Users
Applications
Operating System Drivers
Hardware
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BIOS
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Operating Systems
• An operating system (commonly abbreviated to either
OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user;
– The operating system acts as a host for computing applications
that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of
an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of
the hardware.
– This relieves application programs from having to manage these
details and makes it easier to write applications.
– Application Programming Interface (API) is an interface defining
the ways by which an application program may request services
from libraries and/or operating systems
• Almost all computers (including handheld computers,
desktop computers, supercomputers, video game
consoles) as well as some robots, domestic appliances
(dishwashers, washing machines), and portable media
players use an operating system of some type.
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Operating Systems: Microsoft
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MS-DOS
Windows 3.1
Windows 95 (aka Windows 4.0)
Windows 98 (aka Windows 4.1)
Windows Millennium Edition
Windows NT 3.1
Windows NT 3.5
Windows NT 3.51
Windows NT 4.0
Windows 2000 (aka Windows NT 5.0)
Windows XP (aka Windows NT 5.1) (codename: Whistler)
Windows Server 2003 (aka Windows NT 5.2) (codename: Whistler Server)
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
Windows Vista (aka Windows NT 6.0) (codename: Longhorn)
Windows Home Server
Windows Server 2008 (aka Windows NT 6.0) (codename: Longhorn Server)
Windows 7 (previously codenamed Blackcomb, then Vienna)
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DOS
Disk Operating System
• DOS, short for "Disk Operating
System", is a shorthand term for
several closely related operating
systems that dominated the IBM PC
compatible market between 1981 and
1995, or until about 2000 if one
includes the partially DOS-based
Microsoft Windows versions
Windows 95, 98, and Me.
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Operating Systems
• DOS is a single-user, single-task operating system with
basic kernel functions that are non-reentrant: only one
program at a time can use them.
– Once a process calls a service inside of operating system kernel
(system call), it must not be interrupted with another process
calling system call, until the first call is finished.
• The DOS kernel provides various functions for programs,
like displaying characters on-screen, reading a character
from the keyboard, accessing disk files and more.
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Operating Systems
• DOS
– Command Line interface
– Easy to load from a single floppy
– Useful in setting up and troubleshooting
Why bother learning DOS?
• Even though DOS as a stand alone
operating system has been completely
replaced by Windows, the utilities that
were available in DOS are still available
under Windows.
• As a computer technician you will be
expected to have a good understanding of
these utilities and how to use them to
troubleshoot some system problems.
Why bother learning DOS?
• Many of utilities are still only available in the DOS.
– ping
– tracert
– ipconfig
• One example would be a system that has problem
preventing it from booting properly, possible a hard drive
problem, or an incorrect system parameter setting. The
best way to trouble shoot this sort of problem is to boot
the system using the A: drive with a 3 ½” floppy.
– There are numerous utility programs available that can be used
to bypass your system hard drive and boot from a CD ROM
drive.
Operating Systems
In the Lab you will create an MS DOS Boot
disk to allow you to boot up your system
without the hard drive.
The process can be accomplished in one
step using a Graphical User Interface
Your Name goes here
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Operating Systems
A Graphical User Interface makes it easier
to perform certain tasks.
Drop down menus show options that are
available.
Volume Label fill in prompt
Check Box buttons simplify optional
selections.
To create a Startup disk select
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Operating Systems
• Creating an MS DOS Boot Disk form the
command line. WINDOWS XP
– Step one – Open a Command Line
environment from Windows
• START  RUN “CMD”
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Operating Systems
DOS Screen in Windows
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Operating Systems
– Step two • CD \Windows\Command
• Format a: /S
• When prompted enter your name in Volume label
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Operating Systems
• COMMAND INTERPRETER
• When you type in a command and hit <cr>
the Command Interpreter tries to locate
the command and load it into memory to
be executed.
• If the command is invalid the Command
Interpreter gives an error message.
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Operating Systems
• FILE SYSTEM
• The method used by the Operating
System to store information on the hard
drive is referred to as the File System.
• DOS and Windows uses a Hierarchical file
system
• Older operating systems used a flat file
system
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Operating Systems
• Hierarchical File systems
– Arrange files in a logical order
– Similar to the way a file cabinet is arranged
• Flat File Systems
– Arranges files with no concern as to where
they were placed
– A huge file cabinet with no drawers or
divisions
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Operating Systems
• Hierarchical File System
• Arranged like an inverted tree with the
highest level referred to as Root.
• Under the Root directory are either other
Directories, or Files
– Directory stores either other directories or
Files
– Files are the actual document saved
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Operating Systems
Begin with a Hard Drive
Can be though of as a very large file cabinet used to store data.
After Partitioning and Formatting the hard drive it has a Root Directory /
You can now begin storing files in the root directory
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Operating Systems
Under the Root Directory you want to create 3 Sub-Directories to store files
Meetings
Letters
The First Directory you name Meetings
Memos
The fully qualified name would be a:\Meetings
The Second Directory you name Letters The fully qualified name would be a:\Letters
The Third Directory you name Memos
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The fully qualified name would be a:\Memos
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Organizing Files and Directories
Operating Systems
Creating a Sub Directory in DOS
Meetings
From the Root Directory  A:\ MD Meetings
The Command is MD for Make Directory
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Operating Systems
A Directory as Viewed using
a Graphical User Interface.
WINDOWS Refers to a
Directory as a Folder
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Operating Systems
A Directory as Viewed
using a Command Line
Interface
The command issued to display the contents is DIR entered from the A:\ prompt
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Operating Systems
The output from the DIR
command shows that the
Meeting Directory was
created on Feb 19
It also shows that there are no files stored in the Meetings Directory
Notice the system prompt Indicates the Drive being used is A:
Also Shows you which Directory you’re currently in \
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Operating Systems
The output from the DIR
command shows that the
Meeting Directory was
created on Feb 19
Move into the Meetings
directory using CD
Meetings command
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Operating Systems
Enter DIR to get a listing
of what you have in the
Meetings Directory
Notice that the system prompt changes to indicate that you are now in the
Meetings Directory Directly under Root \MEETINGS
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Operating Systems
• Variables
• The system uses variables to store
settings that can change from system to
system
• There are 2 types of variables used
– System Variables
– User defined Variables
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Operating Systems
• System Variables are used to track
parameters used by the system
• PATH Variable is used by the command
interpreter to indicate where it should look
for executable files.
– PATH = C:\Windows\system; C:\Windows
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Operating Systems
• User Defined System Variables
• Defining a System Variable
– SET Name = “Mary”
• Displaying a System Variable
– Echo %name%
• Working with System Variables
– Echo My Name is %name%
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PATH
The above Path Variable tells the command
interpreter to look in the following directories:
C:\Documents and Settings\tonychen. >path
PATH=C:\Program Files\ThinkPad\Utilities;
C:\WINDOWS\system32;
C:\WINDOWS;
C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;
C:\Program Files\Intel\Wireless\Bin\;
C:\Program Files\PC-Doctor for Windows\;
C:\WINDOWS\Downloaded ProgramFiles;
C:\IBMTOOLS\Python22
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SET
Try the following in a DOS environment –
• To see how your PATH variable is set in DOS
echo %path%
• To see all the system variable that have been set in
DOS
Set
• To see how any single system variable is set enter
echo %system variable% Use the
command echo and surround the system
variable with
“%”
• To set up a system variable
set variable=value
• Example of setting a system variable
set Name=”Mary”
• To see the variable
echo My name is %name%
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Other DOS commands
Help
Tree
Dir
Xcopy
Shutdown
……
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Operating System Software
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Manages the Hardware
Processing Applications
multitasking = ability of the operating system run multiple software
programs (only one programs gets processed at a time)
multiprocessing = ability of the operating system to run multiple software
programs at the same time
Number of users with simultaneous access
multiuser = ability of the operating system to allow multiple users access
to the same computer at the same time
single user = the operating system only allows a single user at a time
access to the computer
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Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware
• Provides the Interface for
Input and Output Devices
– keyboard, mouse, printer,
– device drivers = software
programs which allow the
hardware device to be used
by the operating system and
by application software
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Windows Properties
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Windows Task Manager
Applications tab
– The Applications tab in Task Manager shows a list of
programs currently running.
– Choosing to End Task from the Applications tab causes a
request to be sent to the application for it to terminate.
•
Processes tab
– The Processes tab shows a list of all running processes
on the system. This list includes services and processes
from other accounts.
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Performance tab
– The performance tab shows overall statistics about the
systems performance, most notably the overall amount of
CPU usage and how much memory is being used.
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Networking tab
– The Networking tab shows statistics relating to each of
the network adapters present in the computer. By default
the adapter name, percentage of network utilization, link
speed and state of the network adapter are shown, along
with a histogram of recent activity. More options can be
shown by choosing Select columns... from the View
menu.
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MSCONFIG
• Built into Windows is a special tool called
the "Microsoft System Configuration
Utility" or simply "MSCONFIG."
– MSCONFIG can be used to ensure that your
computer boots faster and crashes less.
• Most people know that the more programs
you have running on your computer at once,
the more likely it is that your computer will
either run slowly or even crash.
– What most people don't know is that every
time you boot your computer a whole mess
of "hidden" programs load in the
background.
– Some of these hidden programs are
essential, but most aren't.
– Turning off some of these hidden programs
can significantly increase your computer's
performance and reliability.
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MSCONFIG: XP
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Microsoft Windows Vista
• http://www.microsoft.com/windowsvista/default.mspx
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