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Chapter 5 Operating System
• System software
• Categories of operating systems
• OS role in:
– Providing user interaction
– Managing the processor, memory, hardware
– Interacting with application software
– Starting the computer
• Desktop and Windows features
• OS role in keeping the desktop organized
• Utility programs
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System Software: The OS 1/2
• Controls computer functions (hardware,
processor, memory, peripheral devices)
• Provides means for software to work with
CPU
• Responsible for management, scheduling,
and interaction of tasks
• Provides user interface
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System Software: Utilities 2/2
• Utilities: Programs that perform computer
housekeeping tasks
– Backup
– Security
– Diagnostic
– Maintenance
– Recovery
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Operating System Categories
• Traditionally included four categories:
– Single-user, single-task
• Examples: old DOS, old cell phones, old PDAs
– Single-user, multitask
• Examples: Windows 7*, Mac OSX*, smartphones
– Multiuser, multitask
• Examples: Windows 7, Mac OSX, UNIX, i5/OS
– Real-time (RTOS)
• Example: found in measurement instruments
* Win 7, Mac OSX, etc, are multiuser due to network capabilities.
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Real-Time Operating Systems
• Systems with a
specific purpose
and a certain result
• Uses include:
– Automobiles
– Printers
– VoIP phones
– Medical devices
– Robotic equipment
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Multiuser multitask Operating
Systems
• If an OS has networking capabilities then it
is multiuser and called network operating
system
• Allow access to the computer system by
more than one user
• Manage user requests
• Systems include:
– Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7, Mac OSX
– Linux
– UNIX
– z/OS
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Multiuser multitask – UNIX OS
• Multiuser, multitask operating system for
primarily mainframes
• Yet also found on PCs
• AT&T Bell Labs created UNIX and then
licensed it to Santa Cruz Op.Group
• Vendors can modify the code:
– Hewlett-Packard verison is HP/UX
– Sun version is Solaris
– IBM’s version is AIX
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Multi-user multitask Mainframes
Supercomputers
• Other multiuser, multitask computer
operating systems:
– Mainframes
• Handle requests from hundreds or thousands of
users simultaneously
• z/OS is OS of IBM zSeries mainframe
– Supercomputers
• Used by scientists and engineers
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Single-User Operating Systems
Single-Task Systems
Multitask Systems
• Perform one task at a • Perform multitasks at a
time
time
• Old PDAs
• Windows XP, Vista,
Win7, Mac OSX
– Palm OS
originally thought of as
– Windows Mobile
single-user but really
• Old Cell phone
multi-user now due to
– Proprietary OS
networkability
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Smartphones
(single user multitask OS)
• Old cell phone + old PDAs = new
Smartphones
• Smartpone OS’s:
– Blackberry OS
– Nokia Symbian OS - ending 2016; replaced
by Microsoft Windows Phone 7
– iPhone iOS
– Google Android (is Linux based)
– Palm with HP webOS
• It is a computer, phone, camera, Internet
browser. Runs apps, including GPS
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Desktop and Notebook
Operating Systems
• An operating system combined with a
processor is known as a platform
– Microsoft Windows OS with Intel and AMD
processors
– Apple Macintosh OS with Motorola, IBM, and
Intel processors
• OS not interchangeable between platforms
• Most Applic. software is platform specific
• Note Macs and Windows PCs can be
networked tog.
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Microsoft Windows
• Originally a single-user OS, but starting
with Windows XP, is multi-user OS
because it include networking capabilities
• Windows 7 is newest version
• Some systems have touch screen
functionality
• Microsoft strived to increased functionality,
improve user-friendliness, Internet, and
privacy and security
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Mac OS
• First commercially available OS with pointand-click technology (GUI)
• Excellence in Graphics display, Processing,
System reliability, File backup
• Fewer applications avail than for Windows
• More expensive
• Can run Windows in “boot camp” utility
• Networkable (making it multi-user)
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Mac vs. Windows
• Similar functionality
• Streamlined user interface
• Window-like work areas on the desktop
Mac
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Windows
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Linux
• Linus Torvalds created as a
student in college, Finland ‘91
• Open-source operating system
(source code is avail.)
• Stable system based on UNIX
• Code tweaked by Gnu Project
• Free (download from Internet)
– Linux distributors (Red Hat,
Ubuntu, Fedora, Suse) sell versions
for the support they provide..
• Linux is part of the Open
Source set of software (other
such OpenOffice, MySQL)
Copyright
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
• networkable
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What the OS Does
Next 8 slides…
• Provides a user interface (see next slide)
• Manages the CPU
• Manages memory and storage
• Manages hardware and peripheral
devices
• Coordinates application software with
the CPU
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The User Interface
• Enables you to
interact with the Command-driven
computer
• Types of interfaces:
– Command-driven interface
(In XP: Start > All Progrs >
Accessories folder >
Command prompt; In
Windows 7, search on
“cmd”, press <enter>.)
– Menu-driven interface
– Graphical user interface
Menu-driven
Graphical
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Processor Management
(“interrupt”, “stacks” etc (details) of this slide not required)
• Controls the timing of events the
processor works on
– Multitasking
– Interrupts
– Interrupt handler
– Interrupt table
– Stack - OS puts reminder where it left off
when it was interrupted and did other event
(task)
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System Requirements Windows 7
Windows 7 w/o Areo:
• 1GB of RAM
Windows 7 w/ Areo
• 4GB for x64 (64-bit)
systems
• [2GB of RAM for x86
systems (32-bit)],
(Recall: To turn Areo on: • 128MB of video RAM
right-click desktop,
Personalize. Select an
Areo theme.)
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Upgrade to Windows 7?
Considerations/research needed
•
•
•
•
For 64-bit sys need 4 GB of RAM
Is support for your current OS expiring soon?
Many times current OS is best fitted to your equipment
Make sure your software and devices are compatible;
Recommended that you use Windows 7 Upgrade
advisor
– Can download this program. It scans your computer
to see what software (and drivers for hardware) are
on your computer and whether compatible with Win 7.
– Then if software not compatible, you need to research
it to find its update -- or uninstall it.
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Virtual Memory
• Instructions and data are stored in RAM
temporarily as program is running. From
there they go to CPU to be executed.
• IF RAM GETS FULL, the data is forced to
get stored on hard drive
• This hard drive location is called Swap file
(= Page file)
• Terms: swapping = paging
– Thrashing – excessive paging or swapping
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Hardware and Peripheral
Device Management
• Device drivers
– Programs that enable the operating system to
communicate with peripheral devices
– Provided by the manufacturer of the device
• Plug and Play
– Hardware and software standard (since
Windows 95)
– Facilitates the installation of new hardware
b/c Wins OS has many drivers “on file” (Thus
you do not have to install yourself usually) 22
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Device Manager
• Learn more before using
• XP: right-click
MyComputer, Props,
Hardware Tab, Device
Manager button
• Vista: right-click
Computer, Props, link at
left is Device Manager)
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Software Application
Coordination (this slide NOT required)
• Application programming interfaces (APIs)
– Blocks of code contained in the operating
system
– Coordinate the operating system with
software applications
– Similar toolbars and menus
– Microsoft DirectX
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Starting the Computer
(this slide NOT required)
• The boot process
1. BIOS is activated.
2. A POST checks
attached hardware.
3. The OS loads into
RAM.
4. Configuration and
customization settings
are checked.
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Handling Errors in the
Boot Process (this slide IS required)
Safe mode
• When Windows does not
boot properly, one can
boot into safe mode
• IT’s a diagnostic mode
where minimal drivers are
started up – allowing you
to troubleshoot. For ex,
from safe mode, you can
uninstall any new devices
or software that were
causing the current issues
and then try reinstalling.
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The Desktop
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Covered in
Windows 7
Supplement
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Windows
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Covered in
Windows 7
Supplement
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Viewing Windows
Covered in
Windows 7
Supplement
•
•
•
•
Side-by-side
Stacked
Cascading
Flip 3D
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in
File Management Covered
Windows 7
Supplement
• The operating system provides an
organizational structure for the computer’s
contents.
• Hierarchical structure of directories:
– Drives
• Folders
Subfolders
» Files
• Windows 7: libraries (for personal documents,
pictures, videos)
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File Management
Covered in
Windows 7
Supplement
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Viewing and Sorting
Files and FoldersCovered in
• Many views available
Windows 7
Supplement
– Details (Can sort on various columns,
shows additional info - details)
– Large Icon view PPT slides (shows title
slide)
– Extra Large Icon view
– Tiles view (default view of Computers)
– List view
– Small and Medium Icon views
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File Name Extensions 1/2
Extension
Type of Document
Application
.doc
Word processing document
Microsoft Word 2003
.docx
Word processing document
Microsoft Word 2007
.wpd
Word processing document
Corel WordPerfect
.xlsx
Spreadsheet
Microsoft Excel 2007
.accdb
Database
Microsoft Access 2007
.pptx
PowerPoint presentation
Microsoft PowerPoint 2007
.pdf
Portable Document Format
.rtf
Text (Rich Text Format)
.txt
Text
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Adobe Acrobat or Adobe
Reader
Any program that can read
text documents
Any program that can read
text documents
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File Name Extensions 2/2
Extension
Type of Document
Application
Hyper Text Markup Language for
a Web page
Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG) image
Graphic Interchange Format
(GIF) image
Any program that can read
HTML
Most programs capable of
displaying images
Most programs capable of
displaying images
.bmp
Bitmap image
Windows
.zip
Compressed file
WinZip
.htm or .html
.jpg
.gif
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Naming Files
• File name: Name assigned plus file name
extension
– Ex: You type my paper and Word 2010 saves
it as my paper.docx
• Up to 255 characters
• Characters not legal in Windows file
names: “ / \ * ? < > | :
• Character not legal in Mac file names: :
• Mac file names are case sensitive
• (I like to avoid a dot in my file name.)
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File Path
• File path or pathname of file (location of file):
• Use /’s or \’s and a : follows the drive name
Practice: Navigate to the folder & file specified:
• S:/CS101/GO! Student Resource CD (Windows 7)/Student
Data Files (01_student_data_files)
• S:/perel/CS101/old stuff/aa_prac/one.txt
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Working with Files
• File management actions
– Open
– Copy
– Move
– Rename
– Delete
• Recycle Bin (Windows) (files deleted
from C: are recoverable.)
• Trash (Mac)
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Utility Programs
• Utility program (defin) - small application
program that performs special functions
(“housekeeping” functions, to manage
resources, customize computer)
example: Display Properties Utility
• Change the appearance of: Desktop,
Win 7/Vista: Rt-click desktop, Personalization
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Utility - Add or Remove Programs
Called Add/Remove Programs in XP:
• XP: Control Panel > Add/Remove Programs
Called Programs and Features in Vista:
• Win 7/Vista: Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features
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Utility - File Compression Programs
• Reduce the size of a file
by removing redundancies
(replaces repeated patterns with a
shorter placeholder:
The rain in Spain falls mainly on the
plain.)
– Rt-click on file/folder in
C:, Select Send to >
Compressed Folder
– Unzip = extract
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System Maintenance Utilities
Disk Cleanup:
• Removes unnecessary
files
• Choose the files to be
deleted
– Downloaded program
files
– Temporary Internet files
– Offline Web pages
– Recycle Bin
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System Maintenance Utilities
• Disk defragmenter: Regroups related
pieces of files
• Error checker: Checks for lost files and
fragments
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System Maintenance Utilities
Task Manager:
• ctrl + alt + del
• Unfreeze frozen program
– Click End Task on non-responding
program
• See apps running
• See processes running
• If ctrl+alt+del doesn’t work, turn
computer off by power button.
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System Restore
Restores your
computer to how it was
on a previous date.
• Choose to restore to very
last change to your system.
• Or choose from a list of
dates on the next screen to
restore back to.
• You are then prompted to
restart .)
•system restore (Microsoft
video)
•You can also create restore
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Other Utilities
• Utilities for “Maintaining your computer” (and
“Securing your online computer”) (separate notes)
• Backup: Creates a copy of the hard drive (or
specific files) to another storage device
– XP: Accessories folder > Sys Tools. (Else on Windows CD)
– Win 7/Vista: Control Panel > Sys and Security, Backup and
Restore
• Utility - accommodates for disabilities:
– XP: Accessories folder > Accessibility folder
– Win 7/Vista: Accessories folder > Ease of Access folder
They contain Magnifier, Narrator, speech recognition, etc
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