Download lay investiture

Princes and
Popes
Reforms in the
Church
– needed due to
moral corruption
and feudal
relationships
between pope
and emperor
I. Reforms in the Church
• Intro
• Need for Reform
– Protection = feudal relationships
• Churchmen became vassals and therefore their loyalties
were divided between the church and feudal lords.
• Some kings and nobles were claiming that it was their
right not only to appoint church officials but also to
invest them with their religious authority (lay
investiture)
– Lay lords appointed men with few spiritual
qualifications
– Scandal: buying and selling of church positions
• Began in 910 in Cluny, France
Reforms in the Church
• Exposed and sought to fix (remedy) abuses
within the church
• Instituted measures to forbid simony to free
the church from secular control resulting from
lay investiture and to restore the dignity and
authority of the papacy
– Simony: the buying and selling of religious articles (even
church offices)
• Reforming monastic orders: Cistercian and
Cluniac
• Reforming mendicant orders: Franciscan and
Dominican
Reforms in the Church
• Bernard of Clairvaux
– Abbot of Clairvaux monastery
– Outspoken critic of worldliness in the church and
in society
Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor
• Primary goal: to rescue the papacy
from the state of weakness and
corruption into which it had
fallen.
• 1059 – College of Cardinals
created
– Only churchmen can select the popes
• Greatest of the reforming popes:
Gregory VII
– Used his influence as pope to curb
other abuses in the church and to
strengthen his office
– Believed church was superior to state
– Wanted no lay investiture
Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor
• Gregory VII formally prohibited
any layman from appointing a
person to church office or
investing a person with spiritual
authority
• Henry IV of Germany refused
to obey saying that he had the
right to appoint the bishops in
his realm.
• Growing discontent among the
German nobles prompted Henry
to seek the pope’s forgiveness.
Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor
• 1077 – Henry stood barefoot in
the snow for 3 days waiting for
the pope to speak to him!
• The struggle over lay
investiture continued until
1122.
• 1122 – Concordat of Worms:
– Agreement that recognized the
right of the church to elect its own
bishops and abbots and to invest
them with spiritual authority.
– Emperors could still invest church
leaders with secular/civil
authority
New Religious Orders
• continued the reforms begun by the Cluniac and
Cistercian movements
• Emphasized service to one’s fellow man
• Franciscan and Dominican orders
• Friars or “brothers”
• Begged for their daily sustenance so they were
sometimes referred to as mendicant (“begging”)
orders
• Francis of Assissi founded the Franciscan order.
– devoted his life to preaching and ministering to the poor
and sick
• Dominic founded the Dominican order.
– Devoted his life to battling heresy
New Religious Orders
– Became the leaders of the Inquisition – a church court
established to discover and try heretics
• Pledged all allegiance to the pope
• Eventually pursued wealth and power
Zenith of the Papacy
• Increased papal authority throughout Europe
• Innocent III
• Exploited the strong influence of the Catholic
church over society
Zenith of the Papacy
• He and his successors were especially zealous
in humbling unsubmissive kings, even though
the apostle Peter had commanded the believers
to honor the king.
• They worked to stamp out any individual or
group that protested against papal authority.
• 3 chief weapons used by the pope:
• Excommunication
• Interdict
• Inquisition
Character and Results of Reform
• More effort on rebuilding the church’s prestige
than on restoring its purity
• Focus was not on the spiritual!
• No lasting reforms!
• Outward changes, nothing internal
II. A European Empire
• Founding of the German Kingdom
– Dukes took control of East Frankland (formerly
ruled for Louis the German, grandson of
Charlemagne)
– Duchy – the territory controlled by each duke
– Henry the Fowler led the German nobles
against the Saxon invaders
• Expanded territory east by defeating the Magyars
and Slavs
– Henry’s son, Otto I: became a strong German
king
• Relied upon church officials to establish his
leadership among the other dukes
• Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire
– Otto took control of Lombardy in Northern
Italy
– Pope crowned Otto emperor in exchange for
protection against Roman nobles, very similar
to the crowning of Charlemagne
– Germany and Italy united and Otto established
the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, combining both
church and state (ca. 962)
• Conflict within the empire
– Conflict of interest
• German rulers turned their attention from control
over the empire to control of Rome and areas in Italy
• Dukes in Germany often were left to fight over
control
– Conflict with Popes
• Otto I began choosing popes
• Lay investiture
– Conflict with the nobles
• Civil war among the nobles for the crown
• German monarchs were weakened and feudalism
broke down the authority structure – powerful noble
families held all the power
• Empire of the Hohenstaufens
– Frederick I of Germany made alliance for his
son to marry into the kingdom of Sicily
– Frederick II – heir to German and Sicilian
thrones – took most interest in uniting the land
in Italy
• He failed at unification because of papal resistance
• Power of Holy Roman Empire declined – Italy and
Germany separated and there was a period of
disunity within Germany and Italy
Rise of Feudal Monarchies
England
 After 400s Roman legions had to withdraw from the
island in order to protect Roman territory on the
Continent.
Germanic tribes soon invaded Britain (Angles and
Saxons)
They established their own independent kingdoms
and transformed “Roman” Britain into England (or
“Angle land,” meaning “land of the Angles”).
By 800s the Danes (Scandinavian Vikings) began to raid
the land.
◊ Raided the land until Alfred the Great (871-99) (the guy on
the 1st slide)
Alfred the Great pushed the Danes northward and
ruled the southern part of England, laying the
foundation for a unified English monarchy.
Founder of English navy (to repel future Danish invasions…
Danes = Danish = Denmark)
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – traces history of England
from Roman times to Alfred’s day. (It was continued
after Alfred as well.)
Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, and his statue in Winchester
 Less than 100 yrs. after Alfred’s death the Danes
renewed their attacks & finally England fell to the
Danish ruler Canute, who made England part of the
Danish Empire.
 The Anglo-Saxons eventually drove out the Danish
rulers and placed Edward the Confessor on throne.
◊ Edward (1042-66) was a descendent of Alfred the Great.
◊ He was called “the Confessor” because of his devotion to
God.
 Edward died w/o an heir. William (French duke of
Normandy) claimed the crown because he was his
cousin, but the English nobles refused to give it to
him. (Instead they elected Harold, the powerful earl of Wessex).
 So he obtained a blessing from the pope, raised a
large army & invaded England (crossing the English
Channel)
All this
is
France
today
Harold, earl
of Wessex
(elected by nobles)
vs.
William of
Normandy
(cousin of Edward
the Confessor)
William became
known as William
the Conqueror &
established a new
line of English kings,
the Norman dynasty.
Battle of
Hastings
The Bayeux Tapestry
(French: Tapisserie de Bayeux,
Norman: La telle du conquest)
is an embroidered cloth—not an
actual tapestry—nearly 70 meters
(230 ft) long, which depicts the
events leading up to the Norman
conquest of England
concerning William, Duke of
Normandy, and Harold, Earl of
Wessex, later King of England,
and culminating in the Battle of
Hastings.
William…
1. brought to England
the centralized
feudalism of Normandy
& established himself as
feudal lord over the
entire country.
- divided his holdings among
his military followers, feudal
vassals called tenants-inchief.
2. extended his
authority over the
English church (William,
not the pope, appointed the
bishops of his realm) (to
maintain power)
3. surveyed the people & their belongings (to determine the taxable
resources that belonged to him as king) (it’s all about the money, right?)
◊ The Domesday Book recorded EVERYTHING.
◊ Not until the 19th century would such a sweeping census be
conducted again.
◊ “The arrival and conquest of William and the Normans
radically altered the course of English history. Rather
than attempt a wholesale replacement of Anglo-Saxon
law, William fused continental practices with native
custom. By disenfranchising Anglo-Saxon landowners,
he instituted a brand of feudalism in England that
strengthened the monarchy.
◊ He died as he had lived: an inveterate warrior. He died
September 9, 1087 from complications of a wound he
received in a siege on the town of Mantes.”
 Fun fact:
By the end of William's reign over 80 castles had been
built throughout his kingdom, as a permanent
reminder of the new Norman feudal order.
Extra credit: read
http://www.webspinners.org.uk/weddingtoncastle2/
william_i.htm
http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon2
2.html
http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10things-you-may-not-know-about-william-theconqueror
Summarize his life and reign in a one-page essay. Be
sure to tell me why the nobles refused to give him the crown resulting in
the election of Harold.
 Before his death on 9 September 1087, William divided his 'AngloNorman' state between his sons.
 William bequeathed Normandy as he had promised to his eldest son
Robert.
 His 2nd son, William Rufus (William II), was to succeed William as
King of England.
 The third remaining son, Henry, was left 5,000 pounds in silver.
(married Matilda of Flanders and had 10 kids)
(married Eleanor of Aquitaine, their
son was Richard The Lionheart)
 Through inheritance and marriage, he had gained
landholdings in France that far surpassed those ruled
directly by his feudal lord, the French king.
 This situation provoked jealous rivalry between the
French and the English thrones.
Henry II strengthened royal authority by….
◊ Expanding jurisdiction of royal courts & establishing circuit
courts with justices who traveled throughout the land hearing
cases.
— Modern-day impact: indictments  modern jury
— The decisions of Henry’s new justices provided uniform laws for all
of England and thus superseded the local feudal laws.
— This common law helped ensure justice & unified England as a
nation.
◊ Appointing Thomas à Becket as archbishop of Canterbury, the
highest church office in England.
◊ Read about Henry’s wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, here.
Magna Carta Limits Royal Power
 Richard I – becomes king after
Henry II died
◊ known as “the Lion-Hearted”
◊ contributed little to the English
crown
◊ while gone on Crusades, his brother
John and the King of France plotted to
overthrow him
 John became king when
Richard died
◊ lacked the personal qualities that
won his brother the trust and
admiration of the people
◊ more able ruler than Richard
Magna Carta Limits Royal Power
 Conflict:
◊ John’s reign was marked by
continual conflict with 3 formidable
opponents:
 the French King
 the pope
 the English nobles
◊ The French king, Phillip II, took
advantage of John’s weaknesses
and extended his royal control
over many of John’s French
possessions.
◊ Pope: Innocent III – over who would be the next archbishop of
Canterbury.
Magna Carta Limits Royal Power
 Pope Innocent III placed England under
an interdict and excommunicated the king.
 John had no choice but to submit to the
pope
◊ The English barons were dissatisfied
with John’s reign:
 They resented his excessive taxes & his
disregard for their feudal privileges.
 They forced John to set his seal to the
Magna Carta.
 Magna Carta (Latin for “Great Charter”)
- became the most important document in
English history.
- intended as the guarantee of feudal rights
- established the principle that the king’s
power is limited: the king is not above the law
and can be removed for refusing to be obey it.
Parliament Becomes an Important Institution
 Edward I (1272-1307)
◊ One of England’s most gifted medieval
kings.
◊ Attempted to extend English rule over
all Britain- Wales, Scotland, England.
◊ Conquered Wales and made his son
Prince of Wales.
◊ Probably the most important
contribution of Edward’s reign was
the development of Parliament.
 It was always the custom for the king to seek counsel from a group of advisers.
 The Anglo-Saxon kings had the witan – an assembly of the great men of the kingdom.
 William the Conqueror established the Great Council; aka, the curia regis (“the kings
council”) – a feudal body composed of his chief vassals.
◊ Edward had acknowledged that the king could not propose
new taxes without the consent of Parliament.
 Resulted in a change in government into a limited monarchy
France
 The Capetians and Their Royal House
 Phillip II and Royal Expansion
 Louis IX and Royal Dignity
 Philip IV and Royal Strength
The Capetians and Their Royal
House
Soon after the death of Charlemagne, the
Carolingian Empire broke up into many
feudal realms.
The Carolingian kings were weak.
The Count of Paris, Hugh Capet, was
chosen by the great feudal lords to be the
next king. This was the beginning of the
Capetian House.
The Capetians and Their Royal
House
 built a strong monarchy in France
 continual succession for 300 years
 increased their power over the feudal lords
 enlarged their possessions by conquest and
marriage alliances
 effective system of centralized govt
 laid the foundation for the French national state
The Capetians and Their Royal
House
 close with church and townspeople
 won financial independence from the great
feudal lords
Philip II and Royal
Expansion
 The Capetian monarchs
actually ruled only a small
area around Paris, known
as the Île-de-France.
Philip II and Royal Expansion
 5th Capetian king, Louis VI
(1108-37), became master of
his royal domain
– first time Capetians had a strong
and solid base
Philip II (1180-1223) enlarged
the territory under his rule and
increased his power over his
vassals becoming known as
the real founder of France.
 chief obstacle:
Large amount of land held by English kings
Philip II and Royal Expansion
 Henry II, Richard the Lion-Hearted,
King John
 John refused to stand trial in Philip’s
court as his vassal so Philip declared
his lands forfeited.
 Since John had lost his French
vassals’ support and had alienated
the English nobles, he was defeated
by Philip II.
 John lost Normandy, Anjou, Maine,
and Touraine.
 In defeating John, Philip II had TRIPLED the size of his own
royal domain. *Q*
Philip II and Royal Expansion
 Philip also increased the
effectiveness of royal govt
 He replaced feudal officials with new
royal ones called baillis, whom the king
appointed and paid.
 one major setback:
excommunication by Pope Innocent
III and interdict of France
Louis IX and Royal Dignity
 Philip’s grandson
 has been called the ideal medieval
king
 built respect and loyalty for the
French throne
 made peace and justice the primary
goals of his reign
 protected the rights of all, regardless
of rank in society
 established a permanent royal court
in Paris
 first king to issue laws without the advice from his vassals
 remembered as “Saint Louis”
Philip IV and Royal Strength
 Climax of Capetian rule
 known as Philip “the Fair”
 strengthened the organization and
authority of central govt.
 higher taxes to pay for stronger govt
and larger realm
 also taxed clergy!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 Pope Boniface VIII stepped in and
decreed that no king could impose a tax
on clergy
 Philip countered by refusing to allow gold
and silver to leave France, decreasing
papal revenues
 gained the support of the French people by standing up to
the Pope
Philip IV and Royal Strength
 Estates-General: meeting of
representatives from 3 classes to
seek advice:
 Church
 nobility
 towns
 “estates” = classes
 The king sought its advice, but did not
wait for its consent to pass laws or taxes,
so the monarchy’s power grew without
restraint
 the French monarchy became absolute
 the British monarchy became limited
IV. Rescue of the Holy Land
• The Call
• The Crusaders: Their Motives
• The Campaigns
–
–
–
–
The First Crusade
The King’s Crusade
The “Diverted” Crusade
The Later Crusades
• The Consequences
The Call
• The Seljuk Turks moved into Palestine and
seized the holy places of Christendom and
disrupted travel to the sacred sites.
• They invaded Asia Minor and threatened the
security of Constantinople.
• The Byzantine emperor appealed to
Christians in the West for help.
• Christians coming back from travel would tell
of the atrocities of the Muslims.
The Call
• In 1095, the Pope Urban II called for the first
crusade to free the Holy Land from the
Turks.
– “It is the will of God!”
– During the next 200 yrs, Europeans were
obsessed with the winning of the Holy Land.
– The people were convinced by the Roman
church that their task was “God’s work” and that
they were fighting a “holy war.”
– symbol of the cross on their garments
– “Crusaders” and “Crusades”
The Crusaders: Their Motives
•
•
•
•
•
•
Desire to serve God, to defend the church
Adventure
Fame or fortune
Knights enjoyed being back on the battlefield
Greed
The church:
– Guaranteed the protection of the family and
property of the Crusader while he was away
– Criminals and debtors received pardons
– Eternal life
The Campaigns
• 8 major campaigns from 1095 -1291
• First Crusade: (1096-99)
– Cause: Travel routes unsafe due to Muslims
– Course: Eager peasants went ahead of the armies
and barely survived the journey
• Those that did were routed by the Turks
– Consequence: the Crusaders succeeded in
capturing Jerusalem
• Established 4 small feudal kingdoms
along the Mediterranean coastline
The Campaigns
• Second Crusade: (1147)
– Cause: Muslims threatened the new “Crusader
states”
– Course: launch of the Second Crusade
– Consequence: Crusaders were overrun by the
Turks
The Campaigns
• King’s Crusade: (1189-92) (third)
– Cause: In 1187 the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem
under their new leader Saladin.
– Course:
• 3 of the most powerful kings in Europe led the crusading
armies:
– Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
– Philip Augustus of France
– Richard the Lion-Hearted of England
• Largest crusade
• Conflict from the start
The Campaigns
• The “Diverted” Crusade: (1201-4)
– Openly pursued political and economic ends
– Attacked the city of Zara in the Adriatic sea (p.131)
– Never raised a sword against the Muslims
– Attacked the Byzantines who were the ones who
asked for their help in the first place!
– In 1204 Constantinople fell to the Crusaders who
pillaged the city.
The Later Crusades
•
•
•
•
The Fifth Crusade (1217-21)
The Sixth Crusade (1228-29)
The Seventh Crusade (1248-50)
The Eight Crusade (1270-71)
The Consequences