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Goal 3 – Middle Ages
Coach Tomlin
World History
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Goal 3 – Middle Ages

Middle Ages –
medieval period
after the decline of
the Roman Empire.
Spanned from 500
– 1500.
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Goal 3 – Changes



Disruption of Trade – merchants faced
invasions from land and sea.
Downfall of cities – cities were
abandoned
Population Shifts – nobles retreated to
the rural areas.
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Goal 3 – Germanic
Kingdoms



Concept of Government – Personal
loyalty bound German Society
together.
Germanic people lived in small
communities.
Made it tough to establish orderly
government for large territories.
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Goal 3 – Christianity in
German Kingdoms


Clovis convinced by
his wife Clothilde to
convert to her
belief.
Church in Rome
welcome his
conversion and his
military campaigns
uniting the 2
forces.
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Goal 3 – German Christianity


Monasteries –
religious
community centers
built by the church
in rural areas.
Monks (men) lived
in monasteries.
Became servants of
god. Women lived
in convents.
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Goal 3 - Monasteries


Best educational
community.
Venerable Bede,
English monk,
wrote the history of
England.
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Goal 3 – Gregory I


Gregory I known as
Gregory the Great.
Papacy (popes office)
became secular –
worldly power involved
in politics.
Gregory used church
revenues to raise armies,
repair roads, help the
poor, work peace treaty.
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Goal 3 – Charlemagne


Charlemagne – reunited western
Europe for first time since Roman
empire.
Used conquest to spread Christianity
throughout. (Muslims-Spain, Other
Germanic Tribes)
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Goal 3 - Charlemagne


Claimed Roman
Emperor by the
pope. Germanic
Power + Church +
RE
Strengthened
power by reducing
power of nobles,
surrounded himself
with scholars of all
languages and
expaned
monasteries,
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Goal 3 - Feudalism


Constant warfare
among invaders in
europe.
Military and
political system
based on land
ownership and
personal loyalty is
called feudalism.
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Goal 3 – V-I-K-I-N-G-S



Vikings are from scandinavia.
Worshiped warlike gods and
took nicknames “Eric
Bloodaxe”
Vikes would beach their ships
attack and set sail again
before local troops would
arive.
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Goal 3 – V-I-K-I-N-G-S

Warships –
held up to 300
warriors with
72 oars.
Could go in 3ft
of water so
made inland
looting
possible.
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Goal 3 – V-I-K-I-N-G-S



Not only warriors but
also traders, farmers and
explorers.
Leif Ericson reached
America 500 years
before Columbus.
Vikes accepted
Christianity and warmer
climates made for more
need for agricultural
settlements in Iceland.
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Goal 3 – Social Order




System of governing and landholding
Lord – landowner
Fief – land granted by a lord in
exchange for military protection and
service.
Vassal – person who received the Fief.
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Goal 3 – Feudal Pyramid




King – top of pyramid
Nobles, Church Officals – most
powerful vassal’s
Knights – warriors who pledged to
defend lords land in exchange for
fields.
Peasants – workers in the fields
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Goal 3 – Feudal Pyramid
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Goal 3 – Social Classes


Medieval writers classified people into
3 groups.
1) those who fight – (nobles and
knights)
2) those who pray – (men/women of
church)
3) those who worked – (peasants)
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Goal 3 - Serf


Most people were
peasants who were
serfs.
Serfs – people who
could not lawfully
leave the place where
they were born.
Bound to the land, but
not considered a slave.
Wealth of lords came
from the labor of the
peasants.
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Goal 3 – Economics



Manor – the lords estate
Manor system was the rights between
lord and his serfs.
Lord provided land, housing and
protection from bandits. Serf provided
work in fields and home.
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Goal 3 – Manor Life

Peasants paid a tax on all grain
ground at the lords mill, tax on
marriage, paid a tithe – church tax,
1/10 of their income.
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Goal 3 – Cause / Effect
Cause -
Rise of
Fedualism
Effects -
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Goal 3 - Warfare

Warfare keeps
Europe in a state of
constant turmoil.
Lords defended
their estates,
seized new
territories and
increased wealth.
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Goal 3 – Warriors on
Horseback



Mounted soldiers
became the most
important part of
army.
Saddle (Asia) kept
warrior on horse.
Stirrups (India)
allowed warrior to
stand up and use
weapons.
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Goal 3 – warriors role

Knights – duty to the lord involved
about 40 days of mounted combat
each year. Lords would give Knights
serfs to manage affairs at home and
income so that a Knight could devote
all to combat.
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Goal 3 - Chivalry



Chivalry - a complex
set of ideas,
demanded that a
knight fight bravely in
defense of 3 masters.
Heavenly lord, earthly
lord and chosen lady.
Knights were suppose
to help the poor and
be loyal, brave and
courteous.
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Goal 3 – Mock of Shame


Knight who disgraced the chivalry
code faced public shame.
Armor stripped off, Shield cracked,
Spurs cut off, Sword broken over his
head, Threw into coffin and drug to
church for mock funeral.
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Goal 3 – War Games


Tournaments –
mock battles that
knights took part
in.
Combined
recreation with
combat training.
Two knight armies
would charge
toward each other.
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Goal 3 - HOME


Castles became
encircled by
massive walls and
guard towers.
Castle became
home to lord and
lady, knights and
other men at arms
and servants.
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Goal 3 – Castle D



Defense of castle
became creative.
Poured boiling hot
h2o, hot oil, molten
lead on enemy
soldiers from walls.
Archers stationed
on roof of castle to
shoot down
enemies.
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Goal 3 – castle O

Siege Tower – tower
that rolled up to the
castle walls. Tower
would carry soldiers
and weapons to tower
walls protected. Had a
drawbridge at top that
would lower onto
castle wall.
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Goal 3 – castle O

Battering ram –
made of heavy
timber with sharpe
metal tip. Swung
into castle walls
and doors to knock
down anything in
its way.
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Goal 3 – castle O

Trebuchet – giant slingshot, propelled
objects up over castle walls and into the
side of castles.
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Goal 3 – castle O

Mantlet – moving
fence that shielded
soldiers.
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Goal 3 – castle O

Tortoise – moved
slowing on wheels
sheltered soldiers
from arrows being
shot from the top
of castle walls.
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Goal 3 – castle O

Mangonel – flung objects into castle walls.
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Goal 3 – Literature


Epic poems – heroic deeds
and adventures. “Song of
Roland” most famous and
well known piece.
Troubadours – poet
musicians at castles and
courts of Europe. Composed
stories and short verse about
the joys and sorrow of
romantic love.
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Goal 3 – Chivalry and
Women




Noblewomen were placed on
pedestal to where they can
be worshiped.
Most women were poor and
powerless.
Roles of women – bear
children, endless labor,
taking care of family/home.
Women were not allowed to
receive land in exchange for
service.
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Goal 3 - Church and State


God had created 2 swords. Political
sword controlled by emperor and
spiritual sword controlled by pope.
2 leaders could share power in
harmony if both kept word to other.
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

clergy - religious
officials.
clergy pyramid pope - head of
church
bishops - settle
disputes over
church teachings
priest - lowest
ranking member.
Goal 3 - Church
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Goal 3 - Church



sacraments - important religious
ceremonies. These ceremonies were
a way for achieving salvation.
(baptism/confirmation)
Cannon Law - church law. All were
subject to this law. Two forms of
punishments were excommunication
and interdict.
Lay Investiture – ceremony in which
kings and nobles appoint church
officials.
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Goal 3 – Problems in
Church



New Age of Religious feeling was born
called the Age of Faith.
3 problems in church –
a. village priest were married
b. simony – positions sold by bishops
in church
c. lay investiture – put kings in control
of bishops.
Friars – traveling priest, vowed
chastity, poverty and obedience.
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Goal 3 - Cathedrals


Romanesque –
rounded arches
and heavy roof
held up by thick
walls and pillars.
Gothic – reached
upward toward the
heavens. Used
Stained Glass
windows. Spread
during medieval
Europe.
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Goal 3 - Crusades




Age of faith inspired wars of conquest
Crusade – holy war to gain land for holy land
Pope Urban II called for 1st crusade. Motives – economic /
relgious
Unite knights as one who fought against each other. If
knight died assured place in heaven.
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Goal 3 - Crusades



1st crusade – captured
city of Jerusalem but
were ill prepared
(climate, geo. or
culture)
2nd crusade – Muslims
win back city and 2nd
crusaders driven out.
Saladin captured city
of Jerusalem.
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Goal 3 - Crusades



3rd Crusade – recapture
Europe – led by King
Phillip, Frederick I
(Barbarossa), and King
Richard Lionhearted.
Richard agreed to terms
with Saladin to bring
peace. In return
Christians could visit
Jerusalem.
After 4th crusade failure
Church split into East
and West.
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Goal 3 – Spanish
Crusades


Reconquista –
effort to drive out
the Muslims from
Spain.
Inquisition –
attempt to unify
Jewish and
Muslims in
Christianity.
Expelled all
practicing Jews
and Muslims from
Spain.
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Goal 3 – Growing
Demands


3 field system farmers could grow
on fields two thirds of year. 200
acres in winter, 200
acres in spring and
200 to lay fallow.
Food production
increased,
population
increased.
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Goal 3 - Trade





Trade took place in both towns.
Guild – association of people who
worked at the same occupation.
Trade increased, towns became
wealthier and so did lords.
Lords controlled the towns and levied
taxes, fees and rent on the burghers.
Burghers – town dwellers.
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Goal 3 - Literature



Vernacular – everyday language of
their homeland.
Scholastics – fellow scholars who met
to educate themselves.
Teachings on law and government
influenced thinking of western
europreans.
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
Siege Towers

Middle Ages

Mantlet

Clovis

Battering Ram

Monasteries

Trebuchet

Monks

Tortoise

Gregory I

Mangonel

Charlemagne

Epic Poems

Feudalism

Troubadours

Leif Ericson

Role of Women

Fief

2 swords

Vassal

Clergy Pyramid

Feudal Pyramid

Sacraments

Serf

Cannon Law

Manor

Excommunication

Manor System

Interdict

Tithe

Lay Investiture

Knights

Friars

Chivalry

Romanesque

Mock of Shame

Gothic

Tournaments

Crusade

Castles

Richard Lionhearted

Castle D Techniques

Saladin

3 field system

Reconquista

Guild

Inquisition

Magna Carta

Great Schism

Parliament

Bibonic Plague
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