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The Middle Ages: A Turning Point in Global History Before the Middle Ages… The Roman Empire unified most of Western Europe and parts of Asia under a strong central government. Many people lived in cities, protected by a strong central government and military. As the Roman Empire declined, it split in half. The Eastern half became the Byzantine Empire, while the Western half entered the Middle Ages. After the fall of the Roman Empire… • No central government to protect the people. • Cities became more and more unsafe. Crime and poverty rose, as did the threat of invasion from Germanic tribes. Rise of Feudalism • As Rome declined the need for safety and protection caused many to flee the city for the country, where they became part of a new political system called FEUDALISM. Feudalism • A political system in which land-owning lords granted protection to peasants called serfs. Feudalism • In exchange for protection from the lord, serfs promised to work and give most of what they produced to the lord. Feudalism • Feudalism also called for knights, warriors who fought for lords in exchange for food and a place to live. Feudalism • Knights followed the code of chivalry. Chivalry • This code told knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. • The code also required knights to protect women. The Feudal System Feudalism • Lords, serfs, and knights lived on large estates called manors. Manor • Manors often included one or more villages and the land surrounding them. Manorialism • Everything needed was made on the manor. The Catholic Church • The Catholic Church was a unifying force during the Middle Ages. The Catholic Church • Without a strong central government to bring them together, people looked to the Church for guidance and stability. The Catholic Church • During this time, daily life revolved around the Catholic Church. All manors had churches, and most art, music and literature revolved around Church themes. The Catholic Church • The head of the Roman Catholic Church was the Pope. The Catholic Church • The Church had both a spiritual and secular (worldly) role. • The main responsibility of the Church was to serve the spiritual needs of medieval society. • The Church taught that living a good life, faith, and participation in the sacraments could lead to Heaven after death. • The Catholic Church • The Church had significant economic power. It was the largest landholder in Europe and also collected taxes called tithes. The Catholic Church • The Church also had political power. It claimed authority over kings and also had its own laws. The Catholic Church • If a ruler challenged the power of the Pope or Catholic Church, they could be excommunicated. • Excommunication meant that they were kicked out of the Church forever. Summary • The Middle Ages were a turning point in global history. • The development of feudalism changed the social, political, and economic landscape of Europe. • The Catholic Church emerged as a unifying force and increased its power. • The Middle Ages had a great impact on global history.