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Lecture 1:
Computer Architecture and Technology
Professor Mike Schulte
Computer Architecture
ECE 201
Today’s Lecture
° Course Objectives, Format, and Grading
° Course Prerequisites and Content
° Introduction to Computer Architecture
° Computer Technology
° Computer Components
Course Objective
° Course Objective : To give students a clear
understanding of the architecture and organization
of modern computers, and the cost and
performance tradeoffs involved in there design.
Technology
Parallelism
Programming
Languages
Applications
Computer Architecture:
• Instruction Set Design
• Machine Organization
• Implementation
Operating
Systems
Measurement &
Evaluation
Interface Design
History
Class Goals
° Show you how to understand modern computer
architecture in its rapidly changing form - discuss
fundamental ideas, plus real world examples.
° Provide you with an understanding of current and
future trends in computer architecture
° Show you how to design by leading you through
the process on challenging problems
° Give you exposure to digital design tools
° Make the class informative and enjoyable. So ...
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ask questions
offer feedback on the course
come to lecture and office hours
learn from those around you
Lecture Format
° Lectures presented from Power Point slides &
transparencies
° Examples worked on the board
° Copies of slides, homeworks and other information can
be downloaded from the course home page at:
http://www.cse.lehigh.edu/~mschulte/ece201-02
° Readings from the book are assigned to complement the
lectures.
° Look over the notes and the material from the book
before coming to class (not today :).
° Class is designed to be interactive => ask and answer
questions.
° Office Hours: T, TH 12:00-1:00 or by appointment, PL 326.
Grading
° Grading for the course is as follows:
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Homework and Quizzes :
Midterm Exam :
Class Project :
Final Exam :
25%
20%
25%
30%
° Homework
• Due at the start of class
• Encouraged to work together, but make sure work is your own
• For some homeworks, you will be asked to work in teams
° Exams
• Open book and open note (most likely)
• Makeup exams given only under extreme circumstances
• Final is comprehensive
° Projects •
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Design and simulate a version of the MIPS processor
Done in teams of 3 to 4 students
Initial Proposal, Status Report, Final Report, Project Demo
More details later
Prerequisites
° The course prerequisite is ECE 33 or the equivalent.
° You are expected to be familiar with:
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Boolean algebra
Binary number systems
2’s complement arithmetic
Combinational circuits (e.g., AND/OR gates)
• Sequential circuits (e.g. registers)
• Assembly language programming
° If you do not have the above prerequisites, please
talk to me after class.
Course Info
° If it has been a long time since you have had ECE
33, it would be a good idea to look over your ECE
33 class notes and Appendix B.
° This class will probably be lots of work, but
hopefully you’ll also have fun and learn a lot.
° For the class projects and some homeworks, you
will be expected to work in teams - start forming
you teams now.
° Please give me feedback whenever you have
questions/concerns - feedback form on web page
or just stop by my office
° Email for course related questions:
[email protected]
Course Content
° Text book: Computer Organization and Design:
The Hardware/Software Interface, 2nd Ed.,
Patterson and Hennessy, Morgan Kaugman, 1997.
° Topics covered include :
• Computer Architecture and Technology
• Computer Performance
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Computer Instruction Sets
Computer Arithmetic
Processor Design
Pipelined Processors
• Memory System Design
• Input/Output System Design
Three Great Teaching Assistants
Name: Tony Deliebro
Email: [email protected]
Office hours: TBD
Name: Venkatram Muddhasani
Email: [email protected]
Name: Faisal Khan
Email: [email protected]
Offices and Offices hours coming soon!
Things We Hope You Will Learn from ECE201
° Keep it simple and make it work
• Fully test everything individually and then together
• Retest everything whenever you make any changes
• Last minute changes are big “no nos”
° Group dynamics. Communication is the key to
success:
• Be open with others of your expectations and your problems
• Everybody should be there on design meetings when key decisions
are made and jobs are assigned
° Planning is very important:
• Promise what you can deliver; deliver more than you promise
• Murphy’s Law: things DO break at the last minute
- Don’t make your plan based on the best case scenarios
- Freeze you design and don’t make last minute changes
° Never give up! It is not over until you give up.
What is “Computer Architecture”
° Computer Architecture is the design of the computer
at the hardware/software interface.
° Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture
+ Machine Organization
Computer Architecture
Instruction Set Design
Machine Organization
Computer Interface
Hardware Components
Compiler/System View
Logic Designer’s View
The Instruction Set: a Critical Interface
software
instruction set
hardware
Instruction Set Architecture
° Instruction set architecture is the attributes of a
computing system as seen by the assembly
language programmer or compiler. This includes
• Instruction Set (what operations can be performed?)
• Instruction Format (how are instructions specified?)
• Data storage (where is data located?)
• Addressing Modes (how is data accessed?)
• Exceptional Conditions (what happens if something goes
wrong?)
° A good understanding of computer architecture is
important for compiler writers, operating system
designers, and general computer programmers.
MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture (Summary)
Registers
° Instruction Categories
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•
•
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Load/Store
Computational
Jump and Branch
Floating Point
Memory Management
Special
R0 - R31
PC
HI
LO
3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wide
OP
rs
rt
OP
rs
rt
OP
rd
sa
immediate
jump target
funct
Machine Organization
° Machine organization is the view of the computer
that is seen by the logic designer. This includes
• Capabilities & performance characteristics of functional units
(e.g., registers, ALU, shifters, etc.).
• Ways in which these components are interconnected
• How information flows between components
• Logic and means by which such information flow is controlled
• Coordination of functional units to realize the ISA
° Typically the machine organization is designed to
meet a given instruction set architecture.
° However, in order to design good instruction sets, it
is important to understand the how the architecture
might be implemented.
Key considerations in “Computer Architecture”
Application
Operating
System
Compiler
Firmware
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system
Software
Instruction Set
Architecture
Datapath & Control
Digital Design
Circuit Design
Hardware
Layout
° Coordination of many levels of abstraction
° Under a rapidly changing set of forces
° Design, Measurement, and Evaluation
Levels of abstraction
° An important concept in computer architecture is
the use of various levels of abstractions.
° Each level of abstraction consists of
• an interface (outside view of what it does), and
• an implementation (inside view of how it works)
Implementation
Interface
B
2 x 1 Mux
A
S
A
Y
NAND
NAND
B
NAND
S
Y
Forces on Computer Architecture
Technology
Programming
Languages
Applications
Computer
Architecture
Operating
Systems
History
Technology Trends
DRAM chip capacity
Microprocessor Logic Density
100000000
DRAM
Size
1980
64 Kb
1983
256 Kb
1986
1 Mb
1989
4 Mb
1992
16 Mb
1996
64 Mb
1999
256 Mb
2002
1 Gb
10000000
R10000
Pentium
R4400
i80486
1000000
Transistors
Year
i80386
i80286
100000
R3010
i8086
SU MIPS
i80x86
M68K
MIPS
Alpha
10000
i4004
1000
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
° In 1985, the single-chip 32-bit processor and the
single-board computer emerged
° By 2002, we will have entire computer systems on a
single chip.
Technology trends
° Processor
• logic capacity: increases about 30% per year
• clock rate: increases about 20% per year
• performance: increases about 50% per year
° Memory
• DRAM capacity: increases about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)
• performance: increases about 3.4% per year
° Disk
• capacity: about 60% per year
• performance: increases about 3.4% per year
° Network Bandwidth
• Bandwidth increasing more than 100% per year!
° What impact does this have on future computer
systems?
° What impact does this have on design decisions?
Technoloy Trends
Processor Performance
performance now improves 50% per year (2x every 1.5 years)
300
250
RISC
150
Intel x86
RISC
introduction
100
50
35%/yr
Year
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
0
1982
Performance
200
Levels of Representation
temp = v[k];
High Level Language
Program
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
Compiler
lw$15,
lw$16,
sw
sw
Assembly Language
Program
Assembler
Machine Language
Program
0000
1010
1100
0101
1001
1111
0110
1000
1100
0101
1010
0000
0110
1000
1111
1001
0($2)
4($2)
$16, 0($2)
$15, 4($2)
1010
0000
0101
1100
1111
1001
1000
0110
0101
1100
0000
1010
1000
0110
1001
1111
Machine Interpretation
Control Signal
Specification
°
°
ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[9:11] & MASK
The Big Picture
° Since 1946 all computers have had 5 main components
Processor
Input
Control
Memory
Datapath
Output
Components of a Computer
° The functions of the different computer
components are
• datapath - performs arithmetic and logic operations
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e.g., adders, multipliers, shifters
• memory - holds data and instructions
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e.g., cache, main memory, disk
• input - sends data to the computer
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e.g., keyboard, mouse
• output - gets data from the computer
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e.g., screen, sound card
• control - gives directions to the other components
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e.g., bus controller, memory interface unit
Relative Cost of Computer Components
Computer
Workstation Design Target:
25% of cost on Processor
25% of cost on Memory
Rest on I/O devices,
power supplies, box
Processor
Memory
Devices
Control
Input
Datapath
Output
Computer System Components
Proc
Caches
Busses
adapters
Memory
Controllers
I/O Devices:
Disks
Displays
Keyboards
Controllers
Networks
° All have interfaces & organizations
Example Organization
° TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20
MBus Module
SuperSPARC
Floating-point Unit
L2
$
Integer Unit
Inst
Cache
Ref
MMU
Data
Cache
CC
MBus
L64852 MBus control
M-S Adapter
SBus
Store
Buffer
Bus Interface
DRAM
Controller
SBus
DMA
SBus
Cards
SCSI
Ethernet
STDIO
serial
kbd
mouse
audio
RTC
Boot PROM
Floppy
Instruction Execution
Instruction
Obtain instruction from program storage
Fetch
Instruction
Determine required actions and instruction size
Decode
Operand
Locate and obtain operand data
Fetch
Execute
Result
Compute result value or status
Deposit results in storage for later use
Store
Next
Instruction
Determine successor instruction
Summary
° Computer Architecture includes the design of the
Instruction Set Architecture (progammer’s view) and the
Machine Organization (logic designer’s view).
° Levels of abstraction, which consist of an interface and
an implementation are useful to manage designs.
° Processor performance increases rapidly, but the
speeds of memory and I/0 have not kept pace.
° Computer systems are comprised on datapath, memory,
input devices, output devices, and control.
° By next class:
• Read fill out course survey
• read over all of Chapter 1 and Sections 2.1 to 2.3
• Start finding teammates for project and homework