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Processes of Evolution Chapter 8 part 2 Fig. 18-5a, p. 282 Fig. 18-5b, p. 282 Fig. 18-5c, p. 282 Predation and Peppered Moths Predation and Rock-Pocket Mice In rock-pocket mice, two alleles of a single gene control coat color Night-flying owls are the selective pressure that directionally shifts the allele frequency Time 1 Number of individuals in population Stabilizing Selection Range of values for the trait Time 2 Time 3 Stepped Art Fig. 18-8, p. 284 Fig. 18-10a, p. 285 Fig. 18-10b, p. 285 Fig. 18-10c, p. 285 Evidence of Evolution Biogeography Fossils/geology Anatomy • • • • Homologous structures Analogous structures embryos Vestigial structures Molecular biology Field and lab studies Patterns in Biogeography Biogeography Marsupials evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/lines/IVCexperiments.shtml en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kangaroo_and_joey03.jpg A 420 mya B 237 mya C 152 mya D 65.5 mya E 14 mya Fig. 17-17, p. 273 About Fossils Fossils are remnants or traces of organisms that lived in the past give us clues about evolutionary relationships The fossil record will always be incomplete Fossils Fossils • Remains of bones, teeth, shells, seeds, spores, or other body parts Trace fossils • Evidence of an organism’s activities (nests, trails, footprints, burrows, bore holes, eggshells, feces) Fossils Transitional fossils • Many fossils show a clear transition from one species, or group, to another. Archaeopteryx http://chem.tufts.edu/science/evolution/horseevolution.htm http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional/part2a.html http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/lines_03 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php A Whale of a Story New Links in the Ancient Lineage of Whales New Links in the Ancient Lineage of Whales Dating Pieces of the Puzzle Radiometric dating • Ex: uranium 238 → lead 206 Half-life • time it takes for half of a radioisotope’s atoms to decay into a daughter element Fig. 17-14a, p. 270 Fig. 17-14b, p. 271 Anatomy- comparative morphology Homologous structures • Similar body parts that reflect shared ancestry • The same genes direct their development Analogous structures • Body parts that evolved independently in separate lineages in response to the same environmental pressure Vestigial Structures As evolution progresses, some structures get sidelined as they are not longer of use. coccyx limb bud Fig. 17-3, p. 261 Anatomy-embryos Embryos of many vertebrate species develop in similar ways Molecular Evidence Comparing Cytochrome b Sequences Similar Genes HUMAN CHIMPANZEE GORILLA CCAAGGTCACGACTACTCCAATTGTCACAACTGTTCCAACCGTCACGACTGTTGAACGA CCAAGGTCACGACTACTCCAATTGTCACAACTGTTCCAACCGTCATGACTGTTGAACGA CCAAGGTCACAACTACTCCAATTGTCACAACTGTTCCAACCGTCACGACTGTTGAACGA Genetic code of chimps and gorillas is almost identical to humans Field/Lab Evidence-Antibiotic resistance Reproductive Isolation Speciation • Evolutionary process by which new species form Biological species concept- species are populations of organisms that interbreed under natural conditions Allopatric Speciation The Inviting Archipelagos A A few individuals of a mainland species reach isolated island 1. In the new habitat, populations of their descendants diverge, and speciation occurs. B Later, a few individuals of a new species colonize nearby island 2. Speciation follows genetic divergence in the new habitat. C Genetically different descendants of the ancestral species may colonize islands 3 and 4 or even invade island 1. Genetic divergence and speciation may follow. Fig. 18-21a, p. 293 Akepa Akekee (L. Nihoa finch Palila(Loxioides (Loxops caeruleirostris) (Telespiza bailleui) Mamane coccineus) Insects, ultima) Insects, spiders spiders, some Insects, buds, seeds ripped from buds nectar; high seeds, flowers, from pods; twisted apart buds, mountain rain seabird eggs; by bill, some flowers, forest rocky or nectar; high shrubby slopes some berries, mountain rain insects; high forest mountain dry forests Maui parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) Rips dry branches for insect larvae, pupae, caterpillars; mountain forest with open canopy, dense underbrush Apapane (Himatione sanguinea) Nectar, especially of ohialehua flowers; caterpillars and other insects; spiders; high mountain forests Fig. 18-21b, p. 293 Poouli Maui Alauahio Kauai Amakihi Akiapolaau (Melamprosops (Paroreomyza (Hemignathus (Hemignathus phaeosoma) montana) kauaiensis) munroi) Probes, digs Bark-picker; Tree snails, Bark or leaf insects in insects, some insects, spiders, insects from big trees; high nectar; high understory; nectar; high mountain rain last known mountain rain mountain rain forest forest male died in forest 2004 Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) Mostly nectar from flowering trees, some insects, pollen; high mountain rain forest Iiwi (Vestiaria coccinea) Mostly nectar (ohia flowers, lobelias, mints), some insects; high mountain rain forest Fig. 18-21c, p. 293 Extinction • The irrevocable loss of a species from Earth Background extinctions- extinctions that occur at lower rates during periods periods other than mass extinctions Mass extinctions • Extinctions of many lineages, followed by adaptive radiations • Five catastrophic events in which the majority of species on Earth disappeared