Download Kingdoms and Domains - Waconia High School

Classifying
Organisms
Tree of Life

Organizes all living
things into related
relationships through
Related form
 Related function
 Related evolution


Always changing and
being modified with new
organisms
Organization of organisms
Domains
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
D - K – P – C – O – F – G – S (Pneumonic device)
3 Domain System
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
** Primarily separated by composition of cell wall**
3 Domains
Bacteria
- unicellular
- prokaryotic (no
nucleus)
- peptidoglycan in cell
wall
- Live in diverse
environments
Archaea
- Unicellular
- prokaryotic (no
nucleus)
- No peptidoglycan in
cell wall
- Many live in
environments that have
no oxygen
3 Domains
Open books to 459, fill 3 characteristics for each
Kingdom

Eukarya

Consists of 4 Kingdoms
•
•
•
•
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Organization using
Cladograms
Shows evolutionary relationships
 Contains current organisms and
common ancestors
 Shows derived traits between
organisms
 Identifies the out group = most
basic organism (least amount of
changes)

Cladogram Example
Current Organism
Out group
Common Ancestor
Derived Trait
Classification and
Evolution
Similarities between
organisms
 List
three ways we classify
organisms
Similar form
Similar function
Similar evolutionary history
 Sometimes body structures can
provide missing evidence for
common ancestors
Specific ways we classify
1.
Homologous Body Structures
2.
Vestigial Organs
3.
Analogous Body Structures
4.
DNA and RNA sequences (molecular
clocks)

Homologous Body Structures – body parts that
appear different but arose from similar evolutionary
histories
Why use homologous body
structures to classify?
Shows a change over time from a common
ancestor
 Shows how the organisms have adapted to live
in its environment
 A change in structure is not a choice yet rather
a chance happening that helped the organism
in its environment

Unimportant Homologous Body
Structures

Although they have nearly no function, they
do show a link to a common ancestor
Vestigial organ – traces of homologous organs in
other species
Vestigial Organs

Describe a vestigial organ/part in your
body.
Analogous Body Structures

Look at the following pictures. Describe 3
similar characteristics shared between the
two.
Dolphin
Shark
Shark
skeleton cartilage
oxygen from gills
vertical tail
Dolphin
skeleton bone
breaths air through lungs
horizontal fin
nurses young
skin has hair
Analogous Body Structure – body parts that
appear similar but arise from separate
evolutionary histories
Using body structures to
classify

Although similar, a shark and dolphin
not closely related (do not share a
recent common ancestor)

Similar does not always equal same
Convergent Evolution – organisms evolve
similar structures independently, often due
to similar environments
DNA and RNA sequences
(molecular clocks)

Uses differences in DNA/RNA
sequences to show
evolutionary history

More closely related species
have more similar DNA/RNA
sequences

Neutral Mutations accumulate
within specific area at the same
rate
DNA and RNA sequences
(molecular clocks)

Tracing neutral mutations backwards through
time can help estimate time since the most
recent common ancestor
A
Leads
to
B
C