Download Management Information Systems

CLARK UNIVERSITY
College of Professional and Continuing Education
(COPACE)
Management Information Systems
Lection 02
Plan
• Hardware:
– architecture;
– classification;
– basic devices.
• Software:
– classification;
– system software;
– application software;
– instrumental software.
Personal computer and
Electronic computer machine
• Computer – a programmable electronic device
capable of processing data and computation,
as well as performing other tasks of symbols
manipulation.
• Electronic computer machine – complex of
technical and software tools, designed for the
automation of the preparation and decision of
users’ tasks.
Computer arrangement
Arrangement
Architecture
Structure
Computer structure
– the combination of its functional elements and
links between them.
Elements:
From the main logical nodes of the computer until the
simplest schemes.
Graphical representation:
The structural scheme, with the help of which you can
give a description of the computer on any level of
detail.
Computer structure
• We distinguish the structure of
hardware, software and hardwaresoftware.
• Choosing a computer for the solution
of our problems, we are interested in
the functional capabilities of the
hardware and software modules.
The characteristics of the computer,
determining its structure
Technical and operational characteristics :
– performance and productivity,
– indicators of reliability, validity, accuracy;
– the capacity of the RAM and the external
memory,
– overall dimensions,
– the value of technical equipment and software,
– the features of the operation, etc.
Performance
… of computer:
– the speed of the processor
– throughput of the bus or the exchange rate to
external hard drives
– frequency of the images shift on display
… of CPU - the speed of execution of operations by
processor.
Productivity
Productivity of processor is measured :
• by the speed of execution of commands over
numbers with a floating point (flops);
• By the speed of execution of commands
"register-to-register";
• clock rate of processor.
Reliability
– property of computers to perform the functions
for a set period of time necessary to solve the
task.
Faults
- malfunction of the individual elements or
the connections between them.
Faults
Faults
Sudden fault
mechanical
destruction of
elements
Gradual refusal
degradation of the
parameters of the
computer
Computer accuracy
– possibility to distinguish almost equal values:
32-, 64-, 128-bit
Computer reliability
– property of the information to be correctly
perceived by the user.
Characteristics:
probability of receiving accurate (correct) results.
Computer reliability
Possible methods of control of reliability of:
1. To solve standard tasks
2. To repeat calculations
3. To control decisions on other computers and
to compare the results.
Computer architecture
– multilevel hierarchy of hardware and software
tools.
The specific implementation of the levels
determines the specifics of the structure of
computer.
Single processor computer
All functional blocks are connected by a
common bus.
Multi-processor architecture
If a computer has multiple processors then there
may be organized many streams of data and
many streams of commands.
Multi computing system
Multiple processors, entering into a computer
system, don’t share a common memory, and
have each its own (local).
Each computer in the multimachine system has
a classical architecture.
Classification of computers
powerful
machines and
computer systems
clusters
Net computers
Role of
computer in
the network
servers
workstation
s
Computer memory
The memory is a set of devices that serve to
memory, storage and issue of information.
Some devices, included in this set, are called
mass-storage device (RAM).
Storage devices with random access
RAM - random access memory
Access time does not depend on the location of
the area of the memory (for example, RAM).
Types:
SDRAM,
DDR SDRAM
DR DRAM
The hardware implementation:
the SIMM, the DIMM
Storage devices with direct access
Due to the continuous rotating, the possibility to
appeal to a certain area of the storage device
cycle is repeated.
Access time depends on the
mutual arrangement of
the site and read/write
heads and is determined
by the speed of rotation
of the storage device
Storage devices with serial access
Consistently reviewed areas,
while we does not take a
position opposite the
read/write heads
Magnetic tapes
Иерархическая организация памяти
в современных ЭВМ
Processor
Processor – crystal grown according to the special
technology of silicon.
It contains many millions of separate elements –
transistors: processor, co-processor, cash I, cash II
Processor
На кристалле процессора
Co-processor
расположены
Main computing
device
Cache I
Small (a few tens of Kilobytes)
ultra-fast memory that is used
to store intermediate results of
calculations
Special unit for floating point
operations. Maintenance of
high-precision and complex
calculations, work with a
number of graphical
programs.
Cache II
More slow, size from
128 КB to 2048 KB
Processor features
•
the architecture type (CISC, RISC)
•
Bit-depth: internal (registers) and external
(data bus)
•
the presence of the cache-memory
•
clock rate (MHz)
•
the degree of integration
Hard drive
Tracks and sectors of the hard disk
The logical structure of a hard disk
File systems
File system - part of the operating systems, which
defines a way to organize, store and naming data to
the information media.
The file system determines the format of the
physical storage of the information, which is
grouped in the form of files.
Software
a set of programs, systems of information processing and
program documents, necessary for their operation
33
Software
a set of programs, systems of information processing and
program documents, necessary for their operation
Software
System
software
Applications
Instrumental
systems
34
System software
System software
Base software
Operation
systems
Operating shell
Network
operation
systems
Service software
Drivers
Programs for
efficiency
diagnostics
Programs for
disk service
Anti-virus
programs
Archiver
35
Applications
Applications
Programs of
general purpose
Multimedia
software
Intellectual
software
Problemoriented
software
CAD
Desktop
publishing
systems
36
Data exchange technologies
• Clipboard
• DDE
• OLE
37
Clipboard
The start and ending of the programs don’t
affect on the contents of the buffer.
One and the same fragment can be used in the
documents several times: when you insert the
contents of the clipboard does not change.
38
OLE
39
Component Object model (COM)
Component Object Model is a technical specification,
representing a strict set of rules by which objects are
created and destroyed, interact with each other and
show their functions
40
Drag&Drop
Drag&Drop specifies the visual, oriented on the use of
the mouse way of exchanging information using the
clipboard
41
Compound documents
Compound documents integrate objects created in a variety of
applications that support OLE.
Such documents can contain many objects of other
documents. For example, the Microsoft Word text editor that
supports OLE, can receive the tables and graphs from
processing program Microsoft Excel spreadsheets
42
Embedding
Embedding - the possibility to insert an item in a
multiple-document without saving the
references to the data source object. For
example, you can embed an Excel spreadsheet
to a Word document.
Then the object, which is located in a compound document, will
be completely independent from the original source. Then
change the primary object will not affect the embedded
object
43
Binding
Microsoft Word document can contain a link to the
Excel spreadsheet. The table and all its data are
completely in Excel, but can be used in a Word
document. If the initial data of the table are
changed, these changes are automatically
displayed in the Word document
Binding depends on the location of the objects. In other words, if
the Excel table move to the new folder, the link is broken.
44
Immediate activation of objects
If you need to change or edit the object, created in
another application, library OLE will cause the
necessary application
45
Instrumental software
Intrumental
software
Programming
languages
Algorithmic
programming
languages
Programming
systems
Instrumental
user
environment
Declarative
programming
languages
46