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Shashwat Shriparv
[email protected]
InfinitySoft

A single chip package that fits in a socket. Each processor
chip integrated with a no. of transistors.
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≥1 core (not much point in <1 core…)
◦ Cores can have functional units, cache, etc.
associated with them
◦ Cores can be fast or slow
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Shared resources
◦ More cache
◦ Other integration: memory controllers, high-speed serial links, etc.
"The number of transistors and resistors
on a chip doubles every 18 months." By
Intel
co-founder
Gordon
Moore
regarding the pace of semiconductor
technology. He made this famous
comment in 1965 when there were
approximately 60 devices on a chip.
Proving Moore's law to be rather
accurate, four decades later, Intel placed
1.7 billion transistors on its Itanium
chip.
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A multi-core CPU (or chip-level multiprocessor, CMP)
combines two or more independent cores into a single package
composed of a single integrated circuit (IC), called a die, or
more dies packaged together.

A multi-core microprocessor implements multiprocessing in a
single physical package. Multi-core architecture has a single
processor package that contains two or more processor
"execution cores," or computational engines, and delivers—
with appropriate software—fully parallel execution of multiple
software threads.

Cores in a multi-core device may share a single coherent cache
at the highest on-device cache level (e.g. L2 for the Intel Core
2) or may have separate caches (e.g. current AMD dual-core
processors). The processors also share the same interconnect to
the rest of the system.

The operating system (OS) perceives each of its execution cores
as a discrete processor, with all the associated execution
resources.
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Each "core" independently implements optimizations such as
superscalar execution, pipelining, and multithreading
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A dual-core processor contains two cores and a quad-core
processor contains four cores. Dual-core processors are the first
step in the transition to multi-core computing.

Intel is already conducting research on architectures that could
hold dozens or even hundreds of processors on a single die
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By enabling energy-efficient performance and more-efficient
simultaneous processing of multiple tasks, multi-core processors
promise to improve user experiences in both home and business
environments.

Multi-Core is the future of computing

Single-core processor

Multi –Core processor
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Functional units
Superscalar is known territory. Diminishing returns for adding
more functional blocks. Single-threaded architectural
performance is pegged

Data paths
Increasing bandwidth between functional units in a core makes
a difference. Such as comprehensive 64-bit design.
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Pipeline
Deeper pipeline buys frequency at expense of increased cache
miss penalty and lower instructions per clock. Shallow pipeline
gives better instructions per clock at the expense of frequency
scaling. Max. frequency per core requires deeper pipelines

Cache
Cache size buys performance at expense of die size. Deep
pipeline cache miss penalties are reduced by larger caches.

Increased computing Capabilities
Multi-core processors allow to complete today's computing
tasks more efficiently and will enable entirely new computing
experiences, and the benefits apply to server and client
platforms, as well as the home and enterprise environments.
Multi-core capability can enhance user experiences in
multitasking environments, namely, where a number of
foreground applications run concurrently with a number of
background applications such as virus protection and security,
wireless,
management,
compression,
encryption
and
synchronization.

Higher Performance
First with multiprocessor platforms and then with HyperThreading Technology¹ (HT Technology), which was
introduced by Intel in 2002 and enables processors to execute
tasks in parallel by weaving together multiple "threads" in a
single-core processor. But whereas HT Technology is limited to
a single core using existing execution resources more efficiently
to better enable threading, multi-core capability provides two
or more complete sets of execution resources to increase overall
compute throughput.
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The digital home & Business
With ever-growing numbers of networked PC and
consumer electronics devices, will increasingly depend on the
multitasking capabilities of multi-core processors to handle the
demands of orchestrating the different networked TVs, stereos,
cameras, and other devices and appliances in the household.
Multi-core is also taking gaming to a whole new level, and will
also make multiparty gaming ubiquitous. Tomorrow's
computers will be powerful enough to run multiparty gaming
and collaboration on their own.

Quality software development
Leading software vendors and corporate developers to
enable multithreaded code that can take full advantage of the
increased capabilities of multi-core processors. As a result,
we've established extensive multithreading tools, education
resources, and experience-based technical expertise that have
helped drive thread-optimization across a wide range of
applications

Adjustments to the existing software
In addition to operating system (OS) support, adjustments
to existing software are required to maximize utilization of the
computing resources provided by multi-core processors. Also,
the ability of multi-core processors to increase application
performance depends on the use of multiple threads within
applications. For example, most current video games will run
faster on a 3 GHz single-core processor than on a 2GHz dualcore processor (of the same core architecture)

Thermal management
Integration of a multi-core chip drives production yields
down and they are more difficult to manage thermally than
lower-density single-chip designs. From an architectural point
of view, ultimately, single CPU designs may make better use of
the silicon surface area than multiprocessing cores, so a
development commitment to this architecture may carry the
risk of obsolescence.

Intel Processors
o Pentium D
o Presler
o Yonah
o Montecito
o Paxville
o Dempsey etc…
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AMD Processors
o AMD Opteron
o AMD Turion
o AMD Sempron etc..
Example>>>
Shashwat Shriparv
[email protected]
InfinitySoft