Download ACDC Presentation Guidelines

Great Solutions for The Complexity
of
SoC Designs
Artisan
Components
2003
Albert Yian
Strategic Users Program Manager / Asia Pac
** Thanks to Scott Becker, Dhrumil Gandhi & Mike Brunolli
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Overview
SoC Power issue / Solution
SoC Leakage issue / Solution
SoC Analog Issue / Solution
Summary
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Meltdown
19
86
19
90
19
93
19
95
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
03
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Watts/cm**2
Rising Power
Clock Frequencies: 10MHz -> 10GHz
Transistor count: 1M -> 1B
Capacitance per mm2: 3x to 5x increase
Die Size growth has slowed from 1.14x/year
VDD scaling: 3.3V -> 1.0V => 10x reduction
Leakage power at chip level: 100x
• Constrains VDD scaling
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Ruff Stuff
Power is the main constraint for high performance
•
•
•
•
Costs of packaging, cooling
Reliability
Thermal effects
Power supply costs
Battery powered products rapidly growing
• Power, power, power
• Cost sensitive
• No significant relief on performance
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Stand Up
Co-operation between architecture, design, process,
IP and EDA is must
C * V2 * f power management
• Constrained by increased leakage currents
– Voltage scaling
– Faster transistors are also leakier
– Parallelization
– High K gate oxides
• Many techniques commonly in use today to reduce C, V or f
– Clock gating
– Low-K
– Standby modes
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Artisan Solution
Artisan products are designed for low power:
Gated clock cells
Low power XL cells, 2mA I/Os
Multi-Vt
Stage ratios designed to minimize crossbar currents
Transistor sizes and ratios optimized for maximum performance
with minimum capacitance
Balanced clock drivers
Minimum loading on clock nodes for FFs
Densest cell layouts to reduce internal and wiring capacitances
Design flow support: power models, Multi-VDD characterization
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Artisan Solution (Memory)
Memory standard features:
•
•
•
•
•
Self Timing
High density bit cells
Clock driver optimization
Standby mode
Mask write
Highly optimized architectures:
• LP family
– 2X power reduction
• ULP
– 4x-5x power reduction
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
“Power consumption,
particularly off-state current leakage,
is the major technical problem facing
the semiconductor industry”
– A. Grove, Intel, December 13, 2002
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Background
The drive to decrease power
and increase performance
creates the need to reduce
device geometries and device
threshold voltages
54%
15
42%
18%
4%
10
Leakage
Present leakage total
CMOS leakage < 180nm
Sub-threshold dominates but
gate  as oxide thickness 
May be barrier to scaling
0%
Switching
Power
trend
5
1.4x
Sub-threshold
leakage
0
0.01
0.1
Channel length (µm)
Is significant % of total power
consumption at 90nm
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
1
Impact of Leakage
Noise margin
Package complexity
Reliability
Design flows
Design automation support
Circuit design
• Memory performance isn’t scaling with process
• Analog
Testing
Performance vs. power
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Memory Design Issues
Memory performance
and functionality
Bl
Iread
Offset in matched
transistors
cc0
cc1
…...
Local variations can
cause higher than
predicted leakage
Bl
cc(n-1)
ccn
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Ileak1
Ileakn
Ileak(n-1)
Components of Leakage
Weak inversion current,
drain induced barrier
lowering, and narrow
width effect
Gate
Gate oxide tunneling
Source
Drain
n+
n+
Punch-through
Reverse bias diode &
gated diode
Gate induced drain leakage (GIDL)
Bulk
13
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Sub-Threshold Leakage
1.0
0.8
Leakage  exponentially as
Vth is 
0.6
Drain current
(linear scale)
0.4
Vth
What happens to the drive
current to leakage ratio?
0.2
0
Every 85mV decrease in Vth
increases leakage current an
order of magnitude
Short channel device
threshold is proportional to
device length
85 mV
1.0
0.1
-Vr
S
Ioff  10
0.01
(Log scale)
S ~ 85mV/decade
0.001
0.0001
10x
IOFF
0.00001
0.000001
0
0.5
1.0
Gate voltage
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
1.5
Sub-Threshold Leakage - Continued
Leakage increases exponentially with temperature
Worst case leakage occurs at the hottest temperature
and fastest process corner
1
Normalized
sub-threshold
current
0.1
Worse case
sub-threshold
current
0.01
0.001
-20
0
20
40
Temperature
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
60
80
Sub-Threshold Leakage Reduction
Techniques
Log l D
Source biasing
DV
ID
Variable-threshold
CMOS (VTCMOS)
t
D1/s
I LD
Threshold partitioning
VD +-
ID
I L1
I L2
VG +VS +-V s1
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
0
V 10
V GS
Source: Kao, Narendra, Chandrakasan IEEE 2002
Sub-Threshold Leakage Reduction
Techniques - Continued
Dual-threshold
domino logic
CLK n+1
Low V t
PMOS
CLK N
Dn+1
DN
Low V t
Pull-Down
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Low V t
NMOS
Standby Mode
at start of pipeline
CLK 1 = high
D1 = high
Sub-Threshold Leakage Reduction
Techniques - Continued
Vdd
wu
Vdd
Transistor stacking
Idevice
Power supply gating
Istack-u
Vint
w
wl
Power supply
partitioning
Istack-l
1.2
Istack - l
1.0
Wl
Normalized
Current
0.8
Istack - u
Wu
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Vint (V)
Vx
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Source: Kao, Narendra, Chandrakasan IEEE 2002
Sub-Threshold Leakage Reduction
Techniques - Continued
Multi-threshold
CMOS (MTCMOS)
Sleep
HVT
C
XVDD
VirtualVDD
Low V t Block
Virtual GND
Sleep
HVT
CXGND
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
The Artisan Solution
Standard Cells
Multi-threshold libraries
Longer channel lengths on slow path to reduce leakage
Polynomial based timing and power models for design
optimization
Memories
Memories with read to leak optimized timing
Multi-threshold periphery
Timing margins optimized with regard to process
variation
Polynomial based timing and power models for design
optimization
Analog
Please see Mike B. in SoC Analog
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
The World is Analog ……
Graphics
Processors
Communications
& RF Interface
Audio
Controllers
Data Acquisition
and Conversion
……Digital electronics is just the
transit medium for analog experiences.
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
SoC Analog
Trends
• Mixed Signal – Component of IC Design
• Choosing Integration and Technology Strategy
• Adoption of Mixed Signal Technology
Design Challenges
• Affecting Developers
• Affecting Integrators
Solutions
• Favorable Analog Integration
• Artisan Mixed-Signal Solutions
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Mixed Signal – Major Component of IC Design
Analog Timing Functions
5 to10% of Chip Area
I/O and High Speed Communications Functions
20 to 30% of Chip Area
Standard Cells
25 to 45% of Chip Area
Embedded Memories
40 to 60% of Chip Area
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Choosing Integration & Technology Strategy
GAIN/SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
A/D
CPU
INTERFACE
A/D
FILTER
GAIN/SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
DSP
PLL
MEM
D/A
GAIN/SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
D/A
Large Signal Analog
Exotic Technologies
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
FILTER
GAIN/SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
Interface
CMOS
Data Conversion
BiCMOS
Analog IP is essential for Convergence of
Digital and Analog in SoC design
Explosive growth of Mixed-Signal SoCs
• Growth of SoC with M/S: 20% in 2001 to 70% in 2006
Companies lack expertise, resources and analog
tool infrastructure
Area mm
%Digital
%Analog
%I/O
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1992
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
1997
2002
Design Challenges Affecting Developers
Reduced Supply Voltage
• Limited dynamic range
• Loss of proven techniques
• Noise considerations
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Design Challenges Affecting Integrators
Matching Specification and Expertise
Circuit Structure
- Wide VCO Frequency Range or
- Low Phase Noise
Loop Configuration
- Clock Multiplication,
- Deskewing or
- Clock Recovery
Loop Dynamics
- Low tracking jitter
- Period jitter filtering & low freq. overshoot
Options
- Counter Resetting
- Lock or Cycle Slip Detector
- Testing Circuitry
- Multiple or adjustable output phases
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Design Challenges Affecting Integrators
Keeping the Performance
• Clock distribution adds jitter
• Attention to package consideration
for cross talk and noise
Grounding
• Multiple domains require solid ground
• Attention to reference when crossing
power domains
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Artisan Solution - Mixed Signal IP
Analog IP
Specialty I/Os
Deskew PLL
HSTL
Multiplier PLL
SSTL2 & 3
Deskew DLL
LVDS
CDR PLL
PCI & PCI X
D/A Converters
AGP 4X & 8X
Bandgaps
PECL
GMII, RGGMII
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Interface PHYs
DDRI - DDRII –
GDDRII,….etc.
Summary
Artisan is ready to help you !
Please visit Artisan’s website at
www.artisan.com
Thank you!
Copyright © 2003, Artisan Components, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Artisan Components is a registered trademark of
Artisan Components, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.