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Lecture 1
“History and Evolution
of Computers”
Informatics
•
Gradation policy
• Extra information
Content
• Early history of computers
• Modern history of computers
• Modern computers
• Future of computers
• Attendance -10 %
• Quizzes -20%
• Tasks- 20%
• Midterm-20%
Gradation
Policy
• Final-30%
Mark distribution:
First 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%), midterm(20%)
Second 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%),tasks (20%)
Final 40% includes: final exam(30%), attendance(10%)
Extra
Information
• Site – linux.sdu/~aigerim (from intranet)
• Site- instructor.sdu.edu.kz/~aigerim (from internet)
• Email: [email protected]
 “Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous saying formed the
basis of modern computers
Early
History
 ABACUS:
Very first computing device
“ABACUS ” also called Soroban
invented in 600 BC was the first
computing device
 Napier Rods:
Napier Rods was a card board
multiplication calculator. It was
designed in early 17th century
PASCALINE
 1642: Blaise Pascal, a French
mathematician and
philosopher, invented the
first operating model of
mechanical digital calculator
using gears, called the
Arithmetic Machine
“PASCALINE”
 It was for addition,
subtraction, and
multiplication and division
 Charles is “The Father of
Computers”
Charles
Babbage’s:
DIFFERENCE
ENGINE &
ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
 1822: His great invention
“Difference Engine ” was to
perform mathematical
calculations
 It was fully automatic and
commanded by a fixed
instruction program
 1842: “The Analytical Engine”
was a automatic machine. It
could do 60 addition per
minute
 The idea of analytical engine
served as a base of modern
digital computers
 1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith
introduced the first
electromechanical, punchedcard data processing
machine
Punched Cards
 His company would
eventually become
International Business
Machine (IBM)
 This paper based machine
represents the origin of
computer database software
 1941: Conrad Zeus dorm
Germany, introduced the first
programmable computer
Z3
 It solved complex
engineering equations
 It was also first to work on
the binary system instead of
decimal system
Modern
History
1940 Onwards
First
generation of
computers
(1942-1955)
 Features:
First generation
computers were based on
vacuum tubes which were glass
(tubes) that controlled and
amplified the electronics
signals
ENIAC
 1946: The ENIAC (Electrical
Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) machine was
developed by John
W.Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert at the University of
Pennsylvania
 It was developed for military
need
 It used 18,000 vacuum tubes
 Punch-card input
ENIAC
 Weighed thirty tons and
occupied a thirty-by-fiftyfoot space
First
Generation of
Computers
(1942-1955)
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay
Storage Automatic
calculator) 1949
 UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer) 1951
Second
Generation of
Computers
(1955-1964)
 Features:
Vacuum tubes were
replaced by transistors.
Transistor is a small device that
transfer electronic signals
through resistors
 1961: The IBM 1400 Series
were a major breakthrough
for IBM
IBM 1400
 The first computer in this
series was IBM 1401
 The system contained many
peripherals which included a
new high-speed printer. This
printer could print 600 lines
per minute
Third
Generation of
Computers
(1965-1975)
 In this generation
microelectronics technology
was introduced that made it
possible to integrate large
number of circuit elements
into very small surface of
silicon known as a chips. This
new technology was called
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ICs)
Fourth
Generation of
Computers
(1976-1989)
 In this generation
microprocessors were used.
Microprocessor is small chip
containing thousands of ICs
on it. It greatly reduced the
size of the computer.
Apple I and
Apple II
 1976: Jobs and Wozniak
designed and built the Apple I
computer
 Then the following year 1977
introduced the Apple II
microcomputer
 These both have
characteristics of a PC
 In 1980, IBM tossed its hat
into the personal computer,
easily fit on a table or desk
IBM PC
 They were available in taller
or narrow size and have
common features of personal
computers
Fifth
Generation of
Computers
(1990onwards)
 ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) and networks
like LAN (Local Area
Network) and WAN (Wide
Area Network) are used in
this generation. Mobile
computers are introduced
Modern
Computers
 Nanotechnology
Future of
Computers
 Miniature (Pocket size)
 Robot technology
 Quantum computers
 Wearable PC