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CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 1)
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Chapter 6: Nonverbal
Messages
1. Nonverbal messages interact with verbal
messages
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Accent
Complement
Contradict
Control
Repeat
Substitute
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 2)
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Principles of Nonverbal
Communication
2. Nonverbal messages help manage
impressions
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To be liked
To be believed
To excuse failure
To get help
To hide faults
To be followed
To confirm and communicate self-image
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 3)
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Principles of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
3.
4.
5.
6.
Nonverbal messages help form relationships
Nonverbal messages structure conversation
Nonverbal messages influence and deceive
Nonverbal messages express emotions
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 4)
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Principles of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
1. Body gestures, movement – kinesics
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Emblems
Illustrators
Affect displays
Regulators
Adaptors
The meanings of gestures vary culturally
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 5)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication
2. Body appearance
3. Facial communication
We signal emotions through facial expressions
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We use management techniques to manage our
facial expressions
Facial feedback hypothesis
Cultural display rules
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 6)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
4. Eye communication – occulesis
 Functions of eye contact
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Monitor feedback
Secure attention
Regulate conversation
Signal nature of relationship
Signal status
Compensate for distance
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 7)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
4. Eye communication (cont.)
 Eye avoidance
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Maintains privacy
Civil inattention
 Pupil size
 Cultural and gender variations
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 8)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
5. Touch, tactile communication – haptics
 Highly primitive and essential
 Varies with age and relationship
 Has multiple meanings
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Positive emotions
Playfulness
Control
Ritual
Task-relatedness
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 9)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
5. Touch communication (cont.)
 Touch avoidance is related to communication
apprehension or anxiety
 Rules of touch vary culturally
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 10)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
6. Paralanguage and silence
 Paralanguage – vocal but nonverbal
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Rate
Volume
Pitch
 We form impressions of people based on their
paralanguage
 Paralanguage affects persuasiveness
 Norms for paralanguage vary culturally
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 11)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
6. Paralanguage and silence (cont.)
 Silence communicates
 Functions of silence
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Time to think
Hurt others
Respond to personal anxiety
Prevent communication of conflict or certain topics
Communicate emotions
Achieve certain effects
You have nothing to say
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 12)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
6. Paralanguage and silence (cont.)
 Spiral of silence
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We’re more likely to voice your opinion if you agree
with the majority on a controversial topic
The minority view stays silent and the majority view
gets stronger
 Different cultures view silence differently
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 13)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
7. Spatial messages, territoriality – proxemics
 Proxemic distances
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Intimate – 0 to 18 inches, within touching distance
Personal – 1 ½ feet to 4 feet, surrounded by
protective bubble, touch only by stretching
Social – 4 feet to 12 feet, conduct business or social
interactions
Public – 12 feet to 25+, keep your distance, people
blend into the background
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 14)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
7. Spatial messages, territoriality – proxemics
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 15)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
7. Spatial messages (cont.)
 Territoriality
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Primary/home territories
Secondary territories
Public territories
Home field advantage
 Territorial markers
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Central markers
Boundary markers
Ear markers
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 16)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
7. Spatial messages (cont.)
 Encroachment – right of invasion
 Unwritten rule
 Usually granted to higher status
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Withdrawal
Turf defense
Insulation
Linguistic collusion
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 17)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
8. Artifactual communication
Messages conveyed by objects made by human
hands; includes color, clothes, hairstyle, jewelry,
perfume
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Space decoration
Color communication
Clothing and body adornment
Cultural display
Scent (olfactory communication)
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 18)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
9. Temporal communication – chronemics
Psychological time emphasis or orientation on time
 Past
 Present
 Future
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 19)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
9. Temporal communication (cont.)
Formal time divisions include minutes, hours, days,
and weeks, months, and years
 Arbitrary
 Vary culturally
Informal time divisions are ambiguous and include
“forever,” “early,” and “soon”
 Include cultural attitudes about time
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 20)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
9. Temporal communication (cont.)
Monochronic cultures schedule one thing at a time
 Compartmentalize working, socializing, family
 Relies on schedules
Polychronic cultures schedule many things at a time
 Working, socializing, family activities overlap
 Relaxed about schedules
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 21)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
9. Temporal communication (cont.)
Social clock – culture’s time schedule for the right
time to do complete milestones such as graduating
from college, getting married, having children,
buying a house
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 22)
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Channels of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
1. Increase competence in decoding
nonverbals
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Mindfully seek alternative judgments
Be tentative
Pay attention to all nonverbal channels
Consider being wrong
Be sensitive to cultural context
Consider all the factors that can influence
communication
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 23)
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Nonverbal Communication
Competence
2. Increase competence in encoding
nonverbals
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Consider your choices
Be consistent in your messages
Monitor your nonverbal choices
Avoid extremes
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 24)
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Nonverbal Communication
Competence (cont.)
2. Increase competence in encoding
nonverbals (cont.)
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Be aware of your situation
Maintain eye contact
Avoid adaptors
Avoid strong and potentially unpleasant scents
Be cautious about touch
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 25)
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Nonverbal Communication
Competence (cont.)